Notes 2/28

• In 1827, England, France, and Russia signed a treaty called the Treaty of London 
• Now that Russia has got this treaty, it's mission is to free Greece
• the point of the treaty was to try to free Greece, not to expand Russia
• Britain and France both want Greece to be independent from Turkey
• Greece gains its independence in 1832
• Nationalism (term that is used to define this period)
• It is about developing unique state autonomy 
• This is what happens when Greece gains independence and becomes the nation of Greece
• Germany- 
• Previous to the 19th century and industrialization, Germany had been completely fractured because it was not a nation, just a collection of principalities and manors. 
• With the come of the 1800s, however, this changes
• Volkgeist unites the people
• Germany does not want outside interference. They don't want Germany to become cosmopolitan. 
• They want Germany to develop it's own customs and traditions separate from the rest of Europe
• strong middle class=strong country
• weak middle class=weak country

Notes 2/24

• Louis XVIII becomes constitutional monarch 
• If you lived on someone else's estate you couldn't vote. 
• 1815- White terror
• The Emigrates were the former members of the second estate who had been kicked off their land and stuff
• anti revolutionaries, anti napoleon
• 1824 Louis XVIII dies and Charles X succeeds him
• GERMANY
• no one asks the germans what they think about all of this
• Prussia is unified and very much indebted to Russia
• The former Holy Roman Empire principalities are carved up between Russia, France, ad Austria
• So there rises a sense of nationalism in Germany
• ENGLAND
• England is dealing with its growing empire
• Peterloo Massacre

Notes 2/23

• 1815-1848
• The Congress of Vienna met to settle questions over properties left in the wake of Napoleon
• Representatives
• France- Talleyrand 
• England- Castlereagh 
• Austria- Metternich 
• Russia- Czar Alexander
• All of those men discuss what is going to happen after Napoleon left
• Russia refused to discuss the situation in Turkey and the Balkan states
• England refused to talk about their international sea trade and the colonies
• Geopolitical implications followed
• A system of strong states around France was discussed
• Austria Netherlands were transferred to the Dutch 
• The Dutch Republic changed its name
• It became, along with other places, the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• It is ruled by the House of Orange
• The roots of world war I are set up during the congress of Vienna
• Congress Poland
• Louis VIII returns to France as a constitutional monarch
• Napoleon was banned from ever having any rule or leadership in France
• The Holy Alliance
• Said that the rule over Eastern Europe was divinely granted
• Austria signs on
• Prussia also signs on
• England refuses
• Russia controls Prussia
• 1832- Greece, had for a while now, been occupied by the Ottoman Turks. The Turks had swept in through the Aegean and overcome Greece and there was war between them. 

Thesis for Term Paper

My question would be: If Leonardo da Vinci was seen as handsome, athletic, talented, brilliant, and impossible to dislike, then why were there so many conspiracies and mysteries surrounding him?

Despite being thought of as a near perfect person because he was handsome, friendly, brilliant, and talented in almost everything, Leonardo da Vinci had many conspiracies and mysteries surrounding him because he was the most brilliant mind of the Renaissance and people, even up to today, try to pick apart all his work and search for hidden messages and meanings that they believe must be there because he had such a brilliant mind.

Industrial Revolution

• England was preparing to prepare for the expansion of its economy
• A spinning Jenny- used to make thread
• There are no rules governing worker's rights
• There are no limits on the number of hours one can work each day
• Children can be made to work full shifts in factories
• Canals
• !!!!!!!!!!!!
• food production
• if someone had a lot of food, it means you can feed more mouths, which means you can have more children, which means you can have more earners in a family, which means you will be richer.

Term paper topic

I want to write about da Vinci, and his works, ideas, inventions, and pretty much genius.

Reflection of what I have learned about the French Revolution

I learned causes of the French Revolution, and about the outcome of it and the Terror afterwards. I learned about who Napoleon is and what he had to do with France.

Notes 2/14- Napoleon and Napoleonic wars

• By the end of the revolution Napoleon starts moving up
• Napoleon was part of a triumvirate
• a new constitution was approved
• and the french people chose a new senate
• it actually had very little power in the constitution though, which allowed napoleon to have more power
• So, napoleon offered peace to the french people in exchange for him becoming the strong end of the government
• Napoleon is looking like a pretty good guy 
• He is the sole guy in charge but he is doing it for the good of the country
• rhuewahruewahruiweahriuhusdjkfsjaorndjfiodsnjvoicoianjvgoiea
• napoleon got rid of titles, like lrods and ladies
• unions and guilds were not allowed to organize- this hits the nobility and the middle class
• women lost the legal gains they had made during the revolution
• men gained all control over property
• and a women had no rights to her earnings
• it was possible that one could move up in rank though
• in 1804, napoleon has himself coronated as emperor of france. no one can stop him

• Napoleonic wars
• Wanted to expand his emperor, so he went to war
• Poland is set up as the grand duchy of warsaw
• He signs the Treaty of Tilsit
• Now that he has taken territory in the east, he goes the other way(west) 
• Joseph is the monarch of spain, he is napoleons brother
• in 1811 someone produces a male heir
• Outside of france, he is resented, especially in germany
• in 1809-1810 a wave of nationalism comes over the states in the east, particularly germany
• Russia allied with Britain in 1810
• Napoleon sends an enormous invasion army to attack russia
• he sends 700,000 people in his army
• Napoleon sorta wins a battle, but then, blizzard and a lot of the army dies because of the weather
• napoleon comes back to france
• the ruassians feel that they have the upperhand now
• and they are allied with britain, so they sign a deal with the prussians
• They fight at the battle of liepzig
• when napoleon realizes that he has lost, he abdicates the throne and attempts suicide
• the people of france are fed up with him and exile him to the island of Elba
• They bring in Louis XVIII
• the brother of Louis XVI
• napoleon escapes from Elba and raises a new army in 1815
• he battles through europe in what is called the 100 days. 
• died in 1821

• Effects of napoleon:
• Significant effect on the alliances that will form in europe
• demonstrates the dangers of revolution
• what you get might not be what you wanted

French and Egyptian Revolutions

1. Louis XVI vs Mubarak

Similarities:

• They were both absolute rulers of their countries. 
• Both rulers were originally appointed and thought of well. 
• Both rulers became strongly disliked and most people in each country wished to have the rulers out of power. 
• Both had people revolting and this caused some casualties. 

Differences:

• Louis XVI's rule was ended because he was found guilty of treason and was executed, but Mabarak's rule ended because he stepped down and transferred the power to someone else, due to protests. 
• The Egyptian revolution's main goal was to get Mabarak out of office. The French revolution had other goals, and having Louis XVI executed was just another result. 
• The Egyptian Revolution was much shorter than the French Revolution; the Egyptian lasted for a matter of days, whereas the French one lasted for ten years. 
• Much fewer people died in the Egyptian Revolution than the French Revolution. 

2. Why the people protested:

French Revolution:
The French Revolution started because the people of the Third Estate wanted more food and more land, because they had the most people in their party and were not receiving adequate amounts of these things. The Third Estate protested by writing pamphlets, marching, riots, etc. France was losing lots of money. Though the initial goal was not to remove their ruler, the people decided that it would be best for them to have someone else in charge. The Third Estate also even made a list of things that they felt were wrong or needed to be changed, a list of rights, in a way (http://history.hanover.edu/texts/cahiers3.html), and a declaration of rights (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp).
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1789platiere.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/sieyes.html

Egyptian Revolution:
The Egyptians began protest because they sought to remove their leader, Mubarak, from his position. He had become a dictator and ruled the people for thirty terrible years, with a largely corrupted government. There was also lots of poverty and unemployment. Egyptians believed that if they were able to get Mubarak out of the way and get someone else into power, their lives would improve.
http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121322143201645.html
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per

3. The role of women in each revolution:

Both revolutions caused some change in the treatment of women; they became a bit more respected. 

French Revolution: 

• The women didn't have the opportunity to play much of a role, they were only beginning to become part of politics at this point in time. 
• The women marched on Versailles in attempt to get the royal family to come back to Paris. 
• Olympe de Gouges wrote a declaration about the right of women, and this greatly pushed forward women's rights in politics. 
• During the revolution, France tried to move towards gender equality. They were one of the first to do so. 

Egyptian Revolution: 

• Both genders have even rights, but the men are mostly the ones planning things. The women just help out and go to protests and riots and such. 
• Many women wrote blogs or used other media to protest. They used propaganda to promote their revolution. 
• They protested in Tahrir Square. 
• They keep connected and broadcast using twitter and other forms of media. 
• While they not take as much part in fighting or violence as the men do, the women are not afraid.
• They also raised awareness about sexual harassment.  

http://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133497422/Women-Play-Vital-Role-In-Egypts-Uprising

4. Concerns about the current situation in Egypt, and how it relates to the fall of Louis XVI:

While Egypt is happy that they have gotten what they wanted and removed Mubarak from power, the revolution may not be over. There is dispute over power, and still much tension although the initial goal has been reached. The transfer of power could still make for a bumpy road. In the French Revolution, when Louis XVI was removed from power, they people thought that it was all over. However, the Terror still came afterwards. It was a period of a lot of killing and no peace at all. Egypt could be in a bad situation, because something like the terror could happen, or another dictator could come into power. 

5. How people expressed their views in each revolution:

French Revolution:
People in the French revolution expressed views through lots of writing. Pamphlets were the best way back then to spread the word around of things that were going on and things that were going to happen. Pamphlets also were used by women to protest about their rights. People also marched, which was a great way to express views, and not violent. Though their protests did lead to the Terror, France was much better off in the end. Finally, people attended meetings and such of things like the Estates General, and there they expressed their views.
Egyptian Revolution:
People of Egypt wrote about their feelings as well, but not in pamphlets. They used blog sites to write about their feelings and twitter was abuzz with news from Egypt. The Egyptians, like the French, also had marches, like the one on Tahrir Square. There were some violent protests as well, including burning, but it seems to have worked out well thus far. 

6. Are the current protests violent?

There are not really any protests going on currently in Egypt. They have recently caused their dictator to resign, and now the people are celebrating. However, there were both some violent and non-violent protests. Things like marching are not violent, but they still get a point across. There was some burning and riots, but the violence in Egypt is nothing compared to what has been seen in other countries. The Egyptians escaped from the revolution with only around 302 casualties. This is nothing, especially compared to the 16,000-40,000 killed in the French Revolution. 

7. What people in Cairo think is going to happen now:

If people think that there is more bad to come, they do not show it, because currently there is nationwide celebration going on in Egypt due to the removal of the dictator. People do not seem to concerned with what is too come, they are very satisfied with what has already happened, and are much more calm now that Mubarak is gone. Reporters and people on the streets are saying that everyone is now happy and celebrating. People also believe that a whole new government will be put in place. The people are proud of what they have done. 

8. Predicted possible outcomes, and how they relate to France: 

I believe that the situation in Egypt should go fairly smoothly from now on. I think that there will still be a few struggles and maybe some fights and confusion, but the people will work through it. They have worked too hard to stop now, and they know it. Even if the people are not happy with what the government becomes, they will fight for what they want. Egypt is a strong country to be able to have done what they did. Things are looking good, and I believe that there is a very good chance that a great government will be created and the Egyptian's lives will greatly improve, just as they wished. 

Kaplan book homework

16/20

Pop DBQ!!

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Terror as an instrument of the French Revolution.


A major part of the French Revolution was the Terror, occurring in the year 1793. It was a time of great fear and unrest, and many, many casualties. More than 11,000 people were killed in France all together in result of the Terror (Doc 2). There was an enormous amount of energy and power flowing around through many different people during the period of the Terror. Charles James Fox writes: "What a pity that a people [French] capable of such incredible energy, should he guilty or rather be governed by those who are guilty of such unheard of crimes and cruelty" (Doc 4). There were many advantages of the Terror in the French Revolution; many groups, like the Jacobins, finally were able to put their thoughts out into the world, but the deaths and tragedies that were called were one of the many disadvantages. 


The Revolution has two sides to it; those who are trying to make a difference and those who try to suppress them. Maximilien de Robespierre says that “Revolution is the war waged by liberty against its enemies; a constitution is that which crowns the edifice of freedom once victory has been won and the nation is at peace" (Doc 7). He wanted to make some changes, and he saw the Revolution as a good thing. The Terror was what brought people like this down, though. With the government killing rebels left and right, many people were angered and discouraged by this. However, the people know they must do something. The government treats them unfairly, but they are "compelled into the field by the terror of the guillotine" (Doc 8). Friends and family being killed are enough motivation to make some changes, no matter how dangerous.

The government has a very different side on the French Revolution and the Terror. The government tries to do what is best for their country and make them as much money and power as the can. However, when this started to fail, they collected more and more taxes and life for the people began to worsen. The government tried to fix this and prevent uprisings, but nothing could be done. people were revolting and the government could do nothing to suppress them except killing. “Bitter complaints already expressed numberless times, were repeated today of the arrest and imprisonment of citizens who are good patriots and are victims of ambition, cupidity, jealousy, and, in short, every human passion" (Doc 10). The government is aware of what the people are saying, but there is nothing they can do about it.

The Terror had a humongous impact on France. It was not good for either party, what with all the killing of citizens and unfair treatment, but it did make a lot of headway in the French Revolution.The Jacobins and citizens made a lot of headway in their goal to change the government. However, there were a lot sneaking around. Many people, as seen in document three, were killed because of treason or conspiring.

The French Revolution could not have progressed without the successes and tragedies of the Terror. Every country in the world has had rough points in history, but they would not be strong without them, just as France is very strong today.Document one shows a country that was extremely divided, to the point of killing fellow Frenchmen, that developed into a highly successful country.

Notes 2/9- france again

• People of France were called citizens for the first time, and people were invested in their government
• in paris, the national assembly, now called the national convention was split between to parties. 
• First party: Giorndines 
• Second party: Jacobins
• Check notes form yesterday
• The party that basically wrote and forced through the french constitution and said that anyone against the jacobins anti-revolutionary. 
• another new party, mountains:
• The folks who are really listening to the people on the street and the working class
• january, 1793, louis XVI is found to be secretely talking to the king of austria, and he is not king now anymore
• Thermidorians rise up
• wrote a third french constitution (the second was written and then discarded)
• Goes into effect 1795
• France has an election in 1797

Notes 2/8- France

• Thomas Jefferson argued for pastoral democracy
• France did not have that tradition. there was a lot of separation between the peasants and the nobility
• The third estate was anyone from wealthy professionals or businessmen to university teachers, to peasants, to lots of people.
• no paper money, everything was done in real value: gold
• Marie Antoinette was despised by the French people
• Number one- decrease in farm-able land
• Number two(causes of revolution, im assuming)- the fear of grain shortages, and the main food for them was bread. if there is a crisis in the farms, the peasantry is either going to starve or revolt. so, they revolt
• Number 3- Taile- the nobility taxed the poor through the thing called taile 
• Major cause of the french revolution
• This is how not to run a country- dont put the burden of your government services on the poor
• Louis XV appoints a chancellor- during his reign had appointed Maupeou as chancellor
• His commission was to try to find a way to tax the nobility
• 1788- with the country on the verge of bankruptcy, Louis called the estates general
• There had not been estates general in over 100 years, 
• There was a problem in it- they had made up a rule that voting in the estates general would be equally dispersed between all three estates. the problem is that the third estate is humongous. 
• january 1789- a very influential pamphlet is printed. 
• "What is the third estate?"
• that was the pamphlet
• basically, the thesis is that you could get rid of the first estate and the second estate, and france would be better off. he argues that france fundamentally is the third estate. 
• it gives the third estate ideas that they can overthrow the other estates, and that franace will be better for it. 
• the meeting of the estates general began in 1789********* IMPORTANT YEAR
• The meeting started out poorly. The first and second estates refused to meet with the third estate. the third estate went to the king and refused to take part in the estates general until the other two estates would actually sit down with them. 
• This 'battle of wills' went on for about 6 weeks
• the third estate calls their own national assmebly, saying that they are the true representative of the french people. 
• Now, the first and second estate lock the national assembly out of the meeting room, and wont let them in. 
• They literally, like, locked the doors. They would not let  them into the hall to debate
• June 20, 1789 ****** the national assembly moved to an indoor tennis court as a meeting place. and they swore to continue to meet there as the national assembly, fundamentally driving a wedge between the clergy and nobility on one side and the people on the other side.
• They said that they would stay there until they wrote a new constitution for france. it was called the tennis court oath. 
• The king basically dismisses the third estate from the meeting of the estates gerneral
• bad move ^^^
• as all of this is happening, bread prices go through the roof because there had been a bad harvest. 
• and withing the 6 weeks, the price of the staple of most people's diet became unaffordable and unavailable. 
• there was a lot of panic
• on July 14th, a mob attacked the Bastille
• The Bastille was an old jail that at this time was being used to house ammunition and things. 
• a nymber of nobles who were in fear for their lives, they became emigres. their point person became this guy by the name the duke of artois. he became the leader of the emigres, and is the brother of louis XV
• Peasants are revolting at all the same time and burning things and stuff
• Emigres are basically nobles who are worried about what is going on. 
• the king sees that there is rouble going on in Paris, sop the king allows the people to appoint a new government thing in paris. they called it the citizens committee. 
• The emigres were against the revolution people 
• the king put Lafayette  in charge of the national guard or something
• it is lafayette who starts to use the three part flag thing
• that flag becomes a symbol of the french revolution
• the guy that bring the flag into place to begin with was appointed by the king. 
• August 1789- the assmebly completed the writing of what they called declaration of the rights of man and citizen(it is in the primary sources)
• ****basic rights it said are:
• liberty
• property
• security
• resistance to oppression
• freedom of religion
• due process of law
• taxes by common consent
• officially only men were only allowed to take part of the matters of politics in France, but many women did have a lots to do with the revolution
• Olympe de Gouges- she writes an essay called 'The Rights of Women" (in our primary sources)
• argued on behalf of a woman's right to education, a woman's right to control property within a marriage, and the right to initiate divorce
• she talks about the social contract in terms of gender relations
• that it is fundamental for there to be a social contract between men and women, and between husbands and wives. 
• the National Assembly actually will put some of this in the constitution
• The french revolution had a direct affect on gender equality in france, and they were far ahead of other countries, in terms of dooing something about this. 
• October 1789- 
• a huge mob, 100,000 people, most of the women, march on Versailles
• they have two demands
• bread
• and that the royal family return to paris
• the king submits to the some of the claims of the assembly
• the things that the king agrees to:
• the king lost veto power over everything that came from the assembly, but he was granted suspending power, which means he could hold up legislation. 
• slavery was abolished
• it had been a part of european culture for a really long time
• the national assemnly seems to be getting it's was
• but there is no one to collect taxes, at all
• no taxes are being collected. 
• when a government can't collect taxes, it cant work
• this leads louis XVI to seize property from the church
• for the first time he issues paper money- assingats
• then he makes a big mistake
• he sells the property
• the government is broke, they have no way to collect taxes, so he seizes property, and then he uses the property to back up the 100 million dollars worth of money that he prints, or however much he prints, but then he sells the properties. so then the value of the money goes down
• it destroys it
• Inflation goes through the roof, and the king starts to sell anything he can get his hands on, just to get money
• the emigres manor hoses are acquired by the king and sells them. 
• the nobility- they are unhappy now that louis is confiscating their property
• so basically, everyone hates him
• (The government cant tax because the national assembly says no. and then the king cannot veto this.)
• the church in france can't support itself because its property is gone. 
• the national assembly passes a bill that will not just separate church and state but actually change the way in which the church elects its officials. now the vatican cannot install an archbishop in france without first getting it passed by the national assembly
• then, they start holding elections for the local offices. 
• jacobin club- met in a jacobin monastery. they werent relgious, that is just where they met
• the revolutionary documents covered the years of 1789-1791
• in 1791 the royal family tries to flee and is not able to do so
• some critics of the government try to get a republic
• ***KNOW THESE NAMES:
• george jaques danton (or something)
• jean paul marat
• the legislative assembly
• the new constitution goes into effect in 1791
• the declaration of Pillnitz 

French Revolution things

• they collected a tithe, which is basically ten percent of the income of any french person
•  there was a lot of hostility between the parish priests serving hjeoifjewaoifjoiesaf
• 
  

Candide Outline

Thesis: Martin's realistic point of view is much more effective than Pangloss's optimistic point of view because it is based off of real experiences and offers a logical explanation for why Candide went through so many terrible experiences; it is the more realistic definition of the world, and can apply anywhere.

1. Martin leaves his idea open for interpretation, and he even varies his thinking a little bit in each challenge that they face. 
1. Pangloss's answer to the reason for everything is exactly the same; it is the best thing that could happen- and he does not leave this open for debate.  
2. Everything that happened to Candide was not for the best; it was just tragic experience after tragic experience, and things could have, in fact, been much better, but they just led to more bad things. 
1. All that he went through with Pangloss just lead to the death of Pangloss. 
2. Pangloss's view does not make the person happier; it only leads them to question God more and become more upset when things do not come out better in the end. 
1. Pangloss says that God makes everything happen for the better. Candide went through terrible things, and while he was with Pangloss, he believed that things would get better. Things did not get better at all; his suffering was only prolonged. 
1. Pangloss would have even believed that his being hanged was for the better. Candide met Martin after Pangloss was hanged, so Candide was able to change his view. 
2. With Martin, he sees everything as though it were created by evil. Because everything that Candide sees is bad, this is a logical explanation, and doesn't leave him hoping for great things at the end of his journey. He is, instead, content. 
1. In the end, he is not rich and living in his own mansion or castle, he is simply safe, and does not have to worry about anything for the time being. Believing in Martin's point of view is what led him to this. 
3. Martin portrays Voltaire's thinking, while Pangloss is a portrayal of Liebniz. 
1. In Voltaire's time, most people thought in the way of Liebniz. Voltaire knew that this was not right, and he wrote this book to share his view. 
2. Voltaire came up with this new view, which proved him to have a more enlightened mind. It made much more sense and provided more happiness for people overall than Liebniz' view did.

More notes on enlightenment things

• Jeremy Bentham- english enlightenment
• Argued against Kant
• The utilitarian choice
• You have to do what is best for the most people
• kant- german englightenment 

• Gottfried Leibniz- A mathematician and philosopher
• Well known for his treaty on optimism
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_leibniz
• His belief is that because God is omnipotently powerful and all knowing and all good, nothing that God creates could go against that. So therefore, anything that happens is the will of God. God's will is all good. Therefore, anything that happens in the world is the best thing that could possibly happen. 
• Voltaire is really the great French Enlightenment thinker