Notes 10/11- Italian renaissance and italy and other things relating to italian-ness

• Cosimo di Medici wanted to build the biggest dome ever to top the cathedral, and he had to find an architect able to do so. 
• Brunellesci is the constructor of the dome
• Giovanni, Cosimo's father, his health began to fail while the dome started to be built. 

• We are watching a video now, but we also watched it last year, so here are my notes on it from last year:
• Medici- The godfathers of the renaissance
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici
• At the beginning of the 15th century, an illicit trade began
• Their prize that they sought laid in the confines of the church, but was not physical treasure.
• They were after knowledge. They were searching for lost secrets from the ancient world
• Ancient learning was carried back to Florence.
• Florence was the place to be at the turning of the 14th and 15th centuries.
• Filippo Brunelleschi- he was a genius, but he wasn't someone you would necessarily want to know.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi
• This was the first time that columns had been used for structural support since the days of ancient Rome, and Brunelleschi would spark an architectural revolution.
• Brunelleschi set his focus on the problem of the dome, with the backing of the Medicis. The churches were offering a lot of money for someone that would be able to figure out how to build the done.
• He was permitted to go on with his plans.
• His plan to make the dome work was new and completely original, so it was risky.
• Brunelleschi began getting old, and he was trying to get around it.
• The Medici bean becoming more powerful, going over their enemy family in Florence. (the Albizzi)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizzi
• Cosimo, the ruling Medici of the time, was at the mercy of his enemies.
• Cosimo was found guilty and faced execution. But he had friends even from the enemy camp, and he worked out a plan to get out. He survived, but he and his family were banished and the Albizzi now were in charge of Florence. Brunelleschi was thrown in jail and work on the dome was halted.
• Within a year, the Albizzi had lost control of the people, and turned against the people.
• Cosimo had friends who were agents of the pope, and there exile would soon be over.
• The Medici took over again and were back in business.
• Money began to flood back into Florence. Brunelleschi lead his workers back to the dome.
• High political competition is expressed through patronage in the Renaissance.
• In the renaissance, you only made art when someone asked you to and paid you for it, not to put out in the shop window for someone to buy.
• Cosimo understood that you got better work out of people when they are happy.
• Brunelleschi invented perspective in art, which makes it look like 3D. It revolutionizes art, and how we see. It begins in the 15th century.
• He needed to prevent bricks from falling inward as he got up to the top.
• His herringbone design was untried and untested.
• His plan worked! he could build the dome without any scaffolding or support.
• It was the greatest architectural feat in the western world.
• Cosimo invited people from all over the world to celebrate and show of their great artwork and amazing dome.
• After Cosimo was getting old, no one knew who would fill his shoes and take on after him.

• Okay, now i am also taking notes this year: 
• Cosimo was in great danger from his enemies. 
• the Albizzi captured them and Brunelleschi was thrown in jail
• Lattteeerrr Cosimo was offered control of the city of florence and he accepted. 
• the Medici were back in business
• money began to flood back into the Florence, and Brunelleschi led his workers back to the dome.
• The Medici bank was made so big and every single person had to pay to the bank. 
• It was the most profitable business in Europe. 

• The financial power of the Medici transfers into political power. 
• The Medici bank offered lines of credit to catholic nobility throughout Europe. 
• The pope himself is who saved the Medici to bring them back into power. 

Notes 10/7- Starting Italy

Italy

• Mount Etna is the highest point on Sicily
• Naples was Greek, in the ancient times

Notes- 10/5

• Elizabeth began getting increasingly frail, and she got ill. 
• A few weeks later, she announced that she did not want to live any longer. 
• She said that James VI of Scotland should succeed her. 
• She died at peace in her own bed.

Notes 10/4- Queen Elizabeth

• Jane Seymour was Henry's wife after Anne. 
• Their son was king until he died 6 years later, and then Mary became queen
• Then Elizabeth becomes queen and changes it back to protestant. 

• She came to the throne when she was 25 and ruled for 44 years. 
• Gave her name to an age, "the Elizabethan age"
• When Elizabeth was 3 months old, she was given her own household. 
• She had staff to attend her every need. 
• Her half-sister Mary, was sent to be Elizabeth's lady in waiting. 
• There was tension and jealousy between the two sisters. 
• In 1534 a law was passed, declaring that his only lawful offspring were those from Anne. 
• Anne miscarried a boy, and she knew that that was the last straw for Henry, and that her days as his wife were numbered. She was executed. 
• Elizabeth was then declared a bastard child like her sister, and she was taken out of the succession. 
• Henry then married Jane. 
• She then had Edward, who would become king. 
• Elizabeth was always fascinated by and adored her father. 
• Henry eventually died in 1547
• Edward was the heir to the throne, and he was 10. Elizabeth was now 14
• Elizabeth stayed with Katherine Paare, Henry's widow. (6th wife)
• Thomas Seymour ruled until Edward came of age. 
• Thomas Seymour married Katherine Paare and moved in with Katherine Paare and Elizabeth
• He abused Elizabeth and Katherine blamed Elizabeth. 
• Soon later, Katherine Paare died in child birth. 
• Seymour continued to pursue her. 
• Her brother wouldn't talk to her, and this was devastating to her. 
• When the Seymour scandal faded, she was once again received by her brother. 
• Elizabeth dressed in stark black and white, which got her noticed a lot. 

• When Edward died, his death was kept secret for a few days so that the advisor or helper person could plan out their plot to get into the throne. 
• However, Mary did become queen. 
• Elizabeth now had her eye on the throne, and knew that she had to play her cards right. She was next in line for the throne. 
• Her experiences in her brothers reign had taught her to stay on her guard. 
• People liked Mary at first, but when she began changing the church to Catholic and married the Spain dude, people started to favor Elizabeth. 
• People plotted to put Elizabeth on the throne instead. 
• Mary did not want Elizabeth to become queen. 
• Elizabeth was kept prisoner in the tower of London for two months, but they could not find any evidence against her so Mary had her sent away for 16 months. 
• Mary then decided that she felt like she needed to make up with Elizabeth before she died. If she did not make up with her and put her back in line for the throne, then Mary of the Scots would become Queen. 
• Elizabeth could only become queen if she kept it catholic and paid off Mary's debts. 
• After Mary died, Elizabeth moved to London to become the queen. (1558)

• Elizabeth was a very unpredictable person. 
• When she got in a bad mood or something, she liked to read or dance. 
• Parliament wrote her a letter that urged her to marry, but she was firm and said that she wouldn't. 
• She refused to be someone else's wife, their subordinate. 
• However, this means that she cannot produce an heir. 
• The wife of the man that Elizabeth wanted to marry was found dead at the bottom of stairs with her neck broken. 
• She did not do it though.
• One day, Elizabeth became ill with small pox.
• Mary Queen of Scots was Elizabeth's cousin. 
• Mary fled to England to find refuge from a revolt or something, and she was Elizabeth's prisoner for 19 years. 
• Plots were made to free Mary and put her on the throne. 
• Even though Mary was Elizabeth's prisoner, the two never met. 
• She was found guilty for trying to murder Elizabeth and she was beheaded. 
• Elizabeth had been attracted to the duke of France, even though there was more than 20 years age difference. But marriage was seriously considered. However, people told her that she could not marry him, because he was catholic. 
• The love of her life, Robert Dudley, died, and Elizabeth was so sad.

Was Henry VIII Justified in Divorcing Catherine?

            The reign of King Henry VIII of England is a very disputable one. So many things he did were very controversial, causing some people to love him, and others to think terribly of him. One of these things, for example, was his divorce of Catherine of Aragon. He went around the ruling of the church just so that he would be able to divorce her. Is this right? Was this an acceptable thing for him to do, as king of England?

            Catherine of Aragon was a very loyal wife to Henry. When Henry was away at war or on other trips, she would, in a way, hold down the castle and send him letters with the news about what was going on. She would always sign these letters “Your humble wife and true servant, Katharine.” (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html). However, Catherine never did have a male son. That was all that the king wanted- a male heir to the throne. The king got more and more worried as Catherine got older and there was still no male heir. When he meets young Anne Boleyn, he decides to make her his wife, for she is young and has a chance of giving birth to a male heir. However, when he tries to divorce Catherine, things go awry.

            King Henry goes to the pope to get a legal divorce from Catherine, but the pope refuses. Henry is outraged, and, because of this, he splits England from the church. Through the Act of Supremacy, he makes himself in charge of the whole church. “Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England.” (http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html). He continues on to marry Anne, and they have a beautiful coronation for her, which is described by Thomas Cranmer: “where we received the Queen apparelled in a robe of purple velvet, and all the ladies and gentlewomen in robes and gowns of scarlet according to the manner used before time in such besynes; and so her Grace, sustained on each side with two bishops, the bishop of Lincoln and the bishop of Winchester, came forth in procession unto the Church of Westminster...” (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html). Cranmer was the one to place the crown onto her head. Now, once again, the king has his hopes up, praying that Anne will bear him a son.

            The King’s divorce of Catherine seemed to be a little inhumane. All he wanted from her was a son, and when she did not give that to him, he got rid of her. Out of sight, out of mind. He does not worry about her or miss her at all. He seems to have a very hard personality, and does not care about many people. I believe that the king is entirely justified in wanting a male heir, but he should not have mistreated his wives in the way that he did. Later in life, Anne is not able to bear him a son either, so he has her imprisoned. “Your grace's displeasure and my imprisonment are things so strange to me, that what to write, or what to excuse, I am altogether ignorant.” (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html). Not long after, he is remarried and Anne Boleyn is executed.  

            The King was not justified in divorcing Catherine of Aragon. Nor was he justified in making himself head of the church. If he had just had patience with his wife, and cared a little more, he could have been fine with their daughter ruling the kingdom. Also, he did not need to separate from the church, just for his own personal desires. Overall, King Henry shows a bad example of being king- he uses his power too much for his own personal advantage.

Works cited:

Katherine of Aragon. Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII- 16 September 1513. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html.

King Henry VII. The Act of Supremacy. 1534. http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html

Cranmer, Thomas. Letter of Thomas Cranmer. 1533. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html

Boleyn, Anne. Letter to her husband, King Henry VII. 6 May, 1536. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html

Notes, 10/1

• Elizabeth I took the crown after her half sister, Mary I. 
• She is protestant. 
• Elizabeth never married. 
• This means that the Tudor line will not continue in England. 
• When Elizabeth dies, she will be succeeded by someone outside of the family. 
•  Elizabeth had men in her life even though she did not have a husband.                                                                                                                                     

• Spain is going to go against England, and is going to put together a large armada(a large fleet of naval vessels), and they are going to attack England. 

Stuff to study for finals

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/anne_boleyn_01.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/reformation_overview_01.shtml