Notes 9/27- More Henry and Anne Boleyn.

• Anne was killed with charges of adultery and witchcraft
• She had affairs with many men. 
• the bile was restricted in English. 
• Cromwell was killed for trying to form an alliance with a Lutheran priest. 
• Henry marries Jane Seymour and she gives birth to Edward,  but she dies in childbirth. 
• Before he dies, he re-legitimatizes Mary and Elizabeth. 
• Henry died in 1547
• Stained glass and paintings that were religious were attacked with chisels. Basically, they were all taken down and destroyed. 
• Edward VI is now king of England. 
• Edward died in 1553, childless. 
• Mary now took the throne. 
• (Mary is catholic)
• And if Mary dies, Elizabeth, the protestant sister, would become queen. 
• Mary marries Phillip of Spain.
  
• Mary tries to restore Christianity to England. 
• She burns anyone who would not become catholic. 
• Mary died childless so Elizabeth became queen. 

Some info on Mary:

• She was actually raised outside of England
• She grew up strictly Catholic. 
• She had a half brother, but he was raised protestant. 
• She was always something of an outcast in English society. 
• When she becomes queen, she basically undoes everything that has been done by Edward. 
• They repaint the churches and bring back in catholic art.
• She leads a campaign against what she considers heretics. 
• Her alliances are with catholic monarchs, especially in Spain. 
• She takes a castle in Scotland and becomes known as the Queen of Scots. 
• Their is a lot of confusion surrounding the end of her reign and the beginning of Elizabeth's. 
• Elizabeth had a lot more public support than Mary did. 
• finally convinced that Mary is undermining England, she is pushed out and Elizabeth is brought in. She is executed for treason against England. 

Elizabeth:

• She reinstates the things that her father and brother did. 
• Catholicism is banished again. 
• Spain is where the pope invests a lot of his wealth and influence because they are very Catholic. The pope is going to influence Spain to try and attack England in a war, and England will ultimately prevail. 
• Elizabeth I reigns for a very long time. Her reign is known for its peace, prosperity, the rise of culture, and a real rise of a sense of English-ness that is intertwined with Protestantism. 
• This is the age of Shakespeare. 
• It was an age of exploration and adventure. 

Notes 9/27- Anne Boleyn

• Henry VII had committed himself to get Anne. 
• She was 10 years younger than Catherine of Aragon.
• Catherine had a daughter named Mary, and the king started recoiling from her because she could not produce a male heir. 
• Henry got rid of Woolsey
• This is when Henry tried to divorce.
• Henry marries Anne secretly.
• Annnd now the king is the ruler of the church, not the pope. 

• First, Henry shut Catherine off in some castle somwhere
• Mary is considered, on the occassion of the new marriage, to be a bastard child (illegitimate)
• Then, the rise of Cromwell, who will solidify Henry's rule and made it that anyone who goes against the fact that Henry is head of the church is committing treason.

• Cromwell translated the bible into English. 
• He managed to turn England into a frightened, jumpy place.

• Anne gave birth to Elizabeth, and Henry wasa upset but he wa going to try again. 
• Later, Anne is again pregnant and Catherine is dead. 
• Sir Cromwell said that Anne must go to be able to go with the plans
• Anne was going to have a boy, but then she had a miscarriage.
• Cromwell sees to it that Anne is executed. 
• Henry now needs to find a new wife that will hopefully give him a male heir. 

 *The act of supremacy is what made henry head of the church.

Part 3

My Ballad of Richard III and Bosworth field:


Richard III I am, Finally rightfully king of this land.

I have taken care of the others that stood in my way,

including my two little nephews[1] who would have done nothing but play. [2]

This kingdom is mine to defend, 

However others want this crown.

The Battle of Bosworth Field did commence,[3]

and upon Henry, the intruder, I do frown. 

The Yorkists against the Lancastrians,

Either side knows we cannot be friends.
Henry wants this crown that I have worked to achieve
But he will receive no sympathy from me. 

English are being killed left and right,
One of us must lose this fight.
But not I, Richard III- It will not be me.
From a battle will I never flee.


But what if it is me?
I have worked so hard to earn this crown.
At least I know, that if I go down[4]
It will be as king, known all around.


Twas true, It was I
That was killed this day.
I could have done so much!
But now I have no say.


I have died and left my poor kingdom.
They are now at the mercy of the wretched Tudors.
Murderers are they!
Who left me here on this bloody field to lay.


But alas, what good do grudges serve now?
I lay here on this cursed ground.
No way to stop what is to come-
But hopefully some good I have done.


People will remember this treacherous day
 That England has transfered into a new age.
The age of Henry Tudor, who i pray
Will lead my kingdom into fame.

[1] Wars of the Roses: York and Lancaster Family Tree.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/WarRosesFamilyTree.png

[2] Blomefield, Francis. (1806). 

The city of Norwich, chapter 22: Of the city in Richard III's time.

An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk: volume 3: The History of the City and County of Norwich, part I (1806), pp. 172-173. 

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77992&strquery=Battle%20of%20Bosworth

[3] Anonymous. The Ballad of Bosworth Fielde.

Sixteenth-century poem, thought to be written by an eye-witness to the battle, with exhaustive list of Richard III's supporters. 

http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html


[4] Anonymous. The Ballad of Bosworth Fielde.

Sixteenth-century poem, thought to be written by an eye-witness to the battle, with exhaustive list of Richard III's supporters. 

http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html

[5]  Blomefield, Francis. (1806). 

The city of Norwich, chapter 22: Of the city in Richard III's time.

An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk: volume 3: The History of the City and County of Norwich, part I (1806), pp. 172-173. 

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77992&strquery=Battle%20of%20Bosworth

My Ballad of Henry Tudor and Bosworth Field:


Henry Tudor, that is I 
and I have made a claim. 
I deserve the crown of England, 
so that is what I have sayed. 


Richard III scoffs at me,  
and tells me that I lie. 
But how could I lie? I am rightwise king [1]
and I am justified. 


To win this country that is rightfully mine,
I march into Battle- The Battle of Bosworth field. 
And i believe this time
All shall see Richard's blood on this sword that I wield. 


Alas, it has happened. 
I am victorious. 
King Richard III have I slain [2]
and Lancastrians rise in triumph. 

I did know that I should win this war.

What other way could it have been? 

Any man to fight against me would be guilty

of  treason to me. 

To see the blood of many noble men
pains me inside. [3]
Although I may not have known them
I know that for their country, their hearts filled with pride. 


I reminisce on this glorious day, 
That not long ago, I came to through Wales. 
Richard was King, but not for long, 
I challenged him, and he was in the wrong. [4]


Now I must carry on this noble bloodline 
That my name bears. 
Tudor is a wonderful name
That will carry through the years. 


The way to create this lasting story
is to be married in glory
to Elizabeth, the lovely girl [5]
who will forever help me rule. 




[1] Anonymous. The Ballad of Bosworth Fielde.

Sixteenth-century poem, thought to be written by an eye-witness to the battle, with exhaustive list of Richard III's supporters. 

http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html

[2]Noorthouck, John. (1773). 
Book 1, Ch. 7: Henry VII and Henry VIII
A New History of London: Including Westminster and Southwark (1773)
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46724&strquery=Battle%20of%20Bosworth#s2


[3] Anonymous. (1509).  The Obituary of King Henry VII. 
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/hobit.html

[4] Anonymous. The Ballad of Bosworth Fielde.

Sixteenth-century poem, thought to be written by an eye-witness to the battle, with exhaustive list of Richard III's supporters. 

http://www.r3.org/bosworth/ballad2.html

[5] Anonymous. The Death of Elizabeth of York and the betrothal of Princes Margaret to the King of the Scots. 
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/elizdeat.html

Part 2

1. Shakespeare portrayed Richard III in a very dark and sinister way. He described him as having a hunched back, and as being very deformed. This was probably because of all of the murder that Richard III had done in his life. All Richard wanted was to be King, and there were a few people in the way of him achieving that goal. He had many people killed, including his two young nephews. And, when he no longer needed or wanted his wife, he wanted to have her killed too. He was seen as a villain and killer by many, and when Shakespeare heard about Richard III actions, he portrayed him as a villain.

2. Traditionalists are people who would adhere to traditions, while revisionists are people who look for evolution and change. These are two very different perspectives on life, and because one cannot exist with the other, many disputes can arise.
Similar types of disputes occur between Lancastrian and Ricardian people. People who are "Ricardian" view King Richard II as a great king, while "Lancastrians" view him badly, and favor the house of Lancaster, including Henry VI.

3. First reading: Lancastrian- This whole paragraph, though not coming outright and saying that he is evil, it infers that Richard III is a villain. It highlights all of the bad things he has done, and does not say one nice thing. When his wife is having her baby, Richard wants it right away. " And so was thinnocent chyld pullyd owt of his mothers armes. Richard having by this meane obtaynyd almost his hartes desire, convaighed his nephewys from the bysshop of Londons howse unto the Towr." It also explains how Richard locked his two young nephew in the tower of London so that he could later kill them and become king. Also, this source tells of Richard plotting to kill Lord Hastings, the man who helped him become king. "Wherfor, burning with rage incredible to bring to effect the thing which in mynd was resolvyd, he drew a plot for the lord Hastinges as foloweth: he placyd pryvyly in a chamber adjoyning to that with himself and other lords sat usually in cownsayll a sort right ready to do a mischiefe, geaving them in charge that when he showld geave a signe they showld suddaynly rushe owt, and, compassing about them who should syt with him, to lay handes specyally uppon William lord Hastinges, and kill him forthwith."


Second Reading: Ricardian- It tells about people and writings that have said good things of Richard, like the fact that he is not deformed. Horace Walpole says that Richard "appears to have been as much misrepresented as his actions." Also, "The old countess of Desmond, who had danced with Richard, declared he was the handsomest man in the room except his brother Edward, and was very well made." Walpole is basically trying to disprove all of the negative things said about Richard III, and is therefore obviously a very big supporter of him. 

Mini Biographies

Katherine was the first wife of Henry VIII(http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html). She was wed to him, and seemed very happily in love(http://www.theromantic.com/LoveLetters/catherine.htm). She greatly respected her husband, which showed in her letters to him. She signed them "Your humble wife and true servant, Katherine" (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html). She took care of a lot of his work for him while he was away, and she sent him letters regarding the current ongoings(http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html). It seemed that she was a very responsible and caring person, but Henry later wanted to divorce her. This was due to the fact that she did not bear any male children. He decided to marry Anne Boleyn instead. The Catholic church did not permit him to do this, so he broke from the catholic church.

Anne Boleyn was Queen of England from 1533-1536.  She was partially responsible for the split between the Church and the monarchy of England.  She encouraged Henry VIII to divorce his wife, Katharine and they married.  She had a daughter, Princess Elizabeth, but could not bear a son.  She bought many lavish things when she was queen, but was not respected by some of her subjects.  She was called "The King's Whore" and other rude names.  She was executed in 1536 for adultery, incest, and treason.

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter6.html
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html
http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anneboleyn2.jpg

Thomas Wolsey was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. King Henry often consulted and debated with Thomas Wolsey and the Bishop of Winchester. Wolsey urged Henry to announce war on France on the behalf of Pope Julius II. From 1515 to 1529, Wolsey became the chief minister of the king. But he soon fell from high regard in the eyes of King Henry. He paled in comparison to Thomas Cromwell, the previous minister. Anne Boleyn disliked Thomas Wolsey. Later he was indicted on forty four charges and was stripped of all of his offices and powers. Henry had kept him from from prison until November 4th. On November 24th, Wolsey died after all he had done to aid the kingdom. (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/priwols1.html), (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter8.html). 

Notes 9/24

• The Tudor rose was a symbol of the union between the Lancaster Family and the York family. When Henry VIII married one of the Yorkists, so they are united. 
• Henry VIII wants to get divorced, the Vatican says no, so he says fin, i will split the church of england away from you. There are years of bloody conflict between protestants and catholics, and you have the burning times. 
• Anne Boleyn
• Anne came back to England in 1522 at the age of 22. 
• She became a member of the Tudor court in her early 20's
• Henry had to work hard to get Anne. 
• He hated writing letters, but he wrote tons in order to get her.
• She was to be the wife of Henry's brother. 
• Catherine had a daughter, and henry was upset because he did not have an heir. 
• This is when he tried to divorce, because he wanted to marry Anne instead. 
• Anne gave Henry a book called "On the Obedience of the Christian Man and How Christian Rulers Ought to Govern." 
• Henry had 50 palaces before his reign was done. 
• The church found itself on the wrong side of a nasty argument.

Part 1

King Henry V(1387-1413-1422)- Henry spent his rule trying to get back territories that were claimed by his ancestors. One of the highlights of his reign was the Battle of Agincourt.

King Henry VI(1421-1422-1461 & 1470-1471)- He was crowned king as just a baby, and then later lost the 100 Years War that his father had done so well in.

King Edward IV(1421-1422-1461 & 1470-1471)- Fought with his father in the battle of Ludford. He fled to Holland but then he came back and defeated the Lancastrian forces at the Battle of Tewkesbury.

King Henry VI(1421-1422-1461 & 1470-1471)- After he was re-crowned, he was sent to the tower of London where he was killed.

King Edward IV(1421-1422-1461 & 1470-1471)- After the battle of Tewkesbury, he had Henry VI executed. His two sons would later be killed and therefore unable to rule after him.

King Edward V(1470-1483- 1483)- He was in line to take the throne at 12 years old, and was going to his corronation when he was taken by his "designated protector", Richard III who cancelled the coronation and held him captive in the tower of London, where he and his brother were killed.

King Richard III(1452-1483-1485)- The younger brother of Edward IV, and he was made Duke of Gloucester at age 9. He was crowned king after the two young heirs, his nephews, were killed.

King Henry VII(1457-1485-1509)- He was the first ruler from the Tudor line. He became head of the House of Lancaster. Defeated the Yorkist army at the battle of Bosworth, where Richard III was also killed. Then Henry VII became king.

Review

• John signed the Magna Carta while Richard was king because Richard was away fighting the crusades.
• William Wallace was  a fighter for freedom of the Scots from the English.  
• The Scots are invaded by Edward I (The hammer of the Scots) and William Wallace was the first to fight them. 
• In old Celtic languages, the "b"s have a "v" sound. Also, you drop the m. Amleivh is "olive" in Celtic.  

Notes 9/21

• The fall of Richard II represents the end of the plantagenet line. 
•  It is replaced by the Tudor line. 
• Richard II of York is the descendent of Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, who is Edward III's son. 
• Henry V marries Catherine of Valois, princess of France, and when he dies, Catherine marries Owen Tudor, which starts the line of Tudors.  
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/WarRosesFamilyTree.png 
• 
  

Notes 9/20- Edward I, Richard II, War of the roses

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_rose
• Henry Tudor attempts to take over the kingship, instead of Richard III.
• The lwar of the roses is sort of a war between the noble families of England. 
• (Richard II steps down and is replaced by Henry IV.)
• Henry VIII splits from the catholic church because the pope wont let him get a divorce.
•  Catholic England/Christian England
• This later became a treason [catholicism]. 
• In 1509 Henry VII died and Henry VIII became king
• Henry has a brother named arthur, and he is supposed to be king, but he dies. That means henry is in line for the throne, and he becomes king in 1509 at age 17, when his father dies.  

Mr. Wojos post from the day i was absent

What we covered today...
The Hundred Years' War: from the Beginnings to Agincourt.


Primary Sources:

[Tierney 85, Geary 46.1. 46.2] Jean Froissart: Battles of Crecy 1346, of Poitiers 1356, from Chronicles. Longer extracts in Geary.
 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html

[Tierney 86, Geary 46.3] Jean Froissart: The Jacquerie, 1358, fromChronicles
 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart2.html

The Hundred Years War In The High Court of Parlement, trans Fred Cheyette.
 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/100yrs.html

Battle of Agincourt, 1415 This account of the famous battle of Agincourt comes from Enguerrand de Monstrelet (d.1453), governor of Cambrai and supporter of the French crown.
http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/agincourt.htm

Notes 9/16

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/hundred_years_war_01.shtml
• The 100 years war is NOT ACTUALLY 100 YEARS LONG! AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH!
• There were no Zombies. 
• Occurred from 1337- 1453
• Phillip VI confiscated Edward III land, and then Edward questions Phillips right to be in charge of France. 
• It starts out and everyone is like claiming different lands as their own, and so the war breaks out. 
• King John(signed Magna Carta) signed away English land in Normandy in 1204 because he didn't want it. 
• Henry III, his successor, signed the treaty of Paris, giving up that land in Normandy for good. 
• England couldn't respond so much to what was happening there because they were fighting the Scots. (remember? With William Wallace and Robert the Bruce?)
• France was an ally to the Scots for a short time so that they could destabilize England.
  France and England hate each other. 
• That brings up to Phillip VI as king of France. Because England and Scotland are fighting, he sees this as his moment and confiscates the remaining land in northern France. 
• Edward III challenges Phillip and then boom the 100 year was breaks out. 
• Not only does Edward question Phillip as the true ruler of France, but he also has himself declared the King of France. 
• Edward sees that many of the French princes are actually pretty dissatisfied with the monarchy back home, so he starts luring them into his court. Among these princes was a family called the Flemings. The other family, the Montfort family is also claiming land and the Flemings and the Montforts are having conflicts. 
• (NOTE: EDWARD I FIGHTS THE SCOTS, EDWARD III CLAIMS THE FRENCH THRONE.)
• The Black Prince
• their were raids back and forth between England and France at this time, especially from the English. Edward II struck a major victory at the city of Crecy in 1346 and at Calais, so the English are winning in the beginning, so much so that Edward's heir, who comes to be known at the black prince, leads raids through the Bordeaux region, which is the wine country of France. 
• Edward thinks that he's got this in  the bag, so he makes a move into the city of Rheim thinking that he is going to be hailed as a conqueror, but the city says nope and holds them off
• The treaty of Bretigny- the French will pay the engliush a certain sum, and in return edward II will drop his claim to the French throne'
• 1359- the treaty breaks down. Charles V has a very influential right hand man, Bertrand Guesclin, and they managed to kick the British out of some of the remaining ares of Aquitaine in Northern France. 
• But Charles V dies only 11 or so years into this. And we have go t the rise of a new English King, Richard II
• We are now in 1380, and the people are tired of the war. Richard II nearly gained a permanent peace with France. However, he winds up losing the kingship, and the rivalries between Britain and France look like they are going to plunge both countries into even deeper war. 
• In 1413, Henry V takes the British back into France for the purpose of finalizing this thing. 
• Henry V meets the french at Agincourt on 25 October, 1415
• The English army is vastly outnumbered by the French. 
• October 25 is Saint Crispin's day, and the French were approaching, and they were greatly outnumbered. 
• They fight the French, and they defeat them. 
• This goes down as one of the greatest victories in English history. 
• People say that this is the real turning point in the war. Several French city's fall to the English, including Rouen. 

Black Plague's Effect on Europe

The Black Plague had an intensely negative affect on European society; not only tipping the balance of economic, political, and religious relations in each country, but also exposing the English's feeling of dominance over the Jewish. 


The Black Plague completely devastated the economic system, creating a hopeless mess that, when attempted to be controlled, only was made worse. Because so many people were killed by the black death, obviously they were not there to fill their work quota. This made the noblemen crazy, for if they did not find replacement workers, they would not be able to maintain their wealth. For the poor that had not had jobs before the plague, this was an economic opportunity. The noblemen begged them to work, and if the poor man did not like the salary, he asked the nobleman to make it a little larger. The King could not stand for this, watching his kingdom's economy falling apart, so he said that "he[the poor man] shall be bounden to serve him which so shall him require; and take only the wages, livery, meed, or salary, which were accustomed to be given in the places where he oweth to serve, the twentieth year of our reign of England, or five or six other commone years next before." Every man must work for what is offered, no more, no less. This ordinance created a whole new economy for the English people. 
Amidst all of the confusion about the economy and other matters, there were many peasant uprisings. No one understood the terrible killer that was taking over, and so all the people knew to do was fight back. The peasants tried going for the knights, the people who had held superiority over them for as long as they could remember. The peasants went "without any armour saving with staves and knives, and so went to the house of a knight dwelling thereby, and brake up his house and slew the knight and the lady and all his children great and small and brent his house" The attacks continued endlessly, because the king could not control anyone. It was complete and utter chaos. 
Of course every person wondered why all of these devastating occurrences were coming after them. And, the Christians found that there is no one easier to blame it on than the Jews. They were accused of many things, including poisoning the drinking water. The Christians believed the Jews to be poisoning the water they drank, and that that was what was killing them all, and oddly enough, many Jews "confessed." Because of the multiple threats and accusations thrown at them by the Christians, the Jews just told them that they had done whatever deed they were accusing them of. The Jewish people were burned and killed, and many even converted their children to Christianity so that they could live. This only pushed England further into a state of chaos, and not much could be done to fix it. 


http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/seth/ordinance-labourers.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart2.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1348-jewsblackdeath.html

Notes 9/14- Black plague

• The plague was in the fur of black rats and in the coats of infected fleas
• The plague spread all over Asia and into Europe. 
• Famine in 1315, and countless people died. 
• It would take 6 days for the swellings to occur after the person is bitten by the flea. The immune system would be affected in just a week. If it got to the lungs, people would die after just a few days of coughing up blood. 
• The healthy were terrified, and they abandoned the sick. 
• Husbands even shunned their wife and parents refused contact with their children. 
• The bigger the city, the greater the shock. 
• In the first wave of the plague in London, 300 people died every day. 
• The bodies were laid toward the east so that when they rose again they would be facing Jerusalem. 
• The plague spread through wales and other nearby countries by 1359, and then went across the sea to Ireland. 
• Those who touched the dead or the sick were immediately infected themselves. 
• The country was laid waste, farms and villages were abandoned and deserted. 
• after the plague, there were no more serfs. 
• It also ate away at the sense of security from the church. 
• Plantagenet England had not prepared for the dead to take over the space of the living. 
• these were th tomb thingies: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaver_tomb for bishops, i think or wealthy people

Notes 9/13- Magna Carta

• The Magna Carta basically made the law bigger than any other person, even the king. He was no longer free to do whatever he wanted.
• The Magna Carta: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta/translation.html

English and Scottish views?

The Scots and the English have very different views on many different things, which is why they fought a lot, but they also both  had different views of the Scottish people. The Scots believed themselves to be heroes, fighting barbarians and fit to rule the world. The Englishmen considered the Scots to be the enemies, the ones who should be destroyed, and that they should rule the world.

The Scottish believe that the English have no right to be fighting them, they say to God that "We are sincerely willing to do anything for him, having regard to our condition, that we can, to win peace for ourselves." They act like they are just poor little Scots being picked on by the English.

Also, the Scots and the English see specific people from Scotland differently. The Scots say of William Wallace: "William Wallace was an exemplar of unbending commitment to Scotland’s independence who died a martyr to the cause." He was one of the most important people to the Scottish in all of their history. 

The English see William Wallace as a traitor, and they hate him. They say awful things about him because he had created an army to fight against the King of England.  The English also hate other Scottish leaders, like Robert the Bruce. Basically, because they fight against the Scots, they do not take time to actually see if they are good or not, they just judge them based on the fact that they are their enemy. 

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1307bruce.html

http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/scotland/arbroath_english.html

Notes 9/9

• England is a country within Britain, and so is Scotland, Northern Ireland(not Ireland), and Wales. 
• Ireland, and Northern Ireland are two separate countries. Ireland is not part of the UK. 
• Britain, Great Britain, the British aisles, the UK are all the same thing. 
• William Wallace is the most important person in Scottish history at the point when the Scottish and English decide to butt heads. 
• Known as "Hammer of the Scots"
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/independence/features_independence_wallace.shtml
• He and his followers stayed at a base in the Ettrick Forest
• The battle of Sterling Bridge was William's greatest victory over the English, and they killed like 5,000 English battle. 
• He was one of the few Scots who never paid homage to Edward. he remained loyal to King John. 
• He escaped the slaughter, but was captured years later. 
• The English disemboweled him to kill. 
• He was like the first great freedom fighter for Scotland. 
• Robert The Bruce- He swore to undo Edward I's  work
• In 1306 he met with his main rival and stabbed him before an altar. 
• He had himself made king. Instead of unify Scots under a single leader, he just intensified the civil war.
• He fled Scotland.
• When he returned four months later, he was a better military leader
• He regained his kingdom by 1314
• Now the Scots sought international recognition
• He knew that he could only be successful if he could be the personification of Scotland
• Edward I
• Dies on his was to deal with Bruce
• was faced with complete humiliation when Bruce took most of his kingdom
• He finally marched up to battle Bruce
• Battle broke out after Bruce killed Edward I
• Edward II fled the battlefield

Notes 9/8

• In 1066 William the Conquerer defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings. 

• There is a civil war in the between the Norman society and the Plantagenets move in. 
• *The AP test starts at the year 1450, when the Plantagenet are towards the end of their reign. 
• Names to commit to memory:
• Henry II- one of his goals was to get back land lost from england. 
• English foreign relations were based on whims of whoever was in control, not on the needs of the people.
• The Welsh and the Scots fought for their independence. 

• Richard the Lionheart was thought of as good. 
• He was away at war a lot, so he wasn't home to rule the country and make decisions that would make him unpopular. 
• Lead the third crusade against Saladin into the Holy land. 
• King John 
• The signing of the Magna Carta was the biggest thing that John had to do while he was ruling, and that decision was one that made him very unpopular. 
• Constantinople and Jerusalem were both very widely fought over lands. They were considered the holy lands, and this is what the crusades were fought over. They tried to "save" the holy land by "European-izing" it.

• Memorize this timeline***^^^
• Edward I 
• Very powerful King, much glory on the battlefield, and he became known as the hammer of the Scots. 
• Richard II, son of Edward
• Henry IV
• Henry V
• Henry VI

England: Questions on Monarchy in the Later Middle Ages

•  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/henryii_empire_01.shtml- What does the reign of Henry II suggest about the future of English foreign relations?:

The reign of Henry II doe snot set a very bright future for English foreign relations. During his reign, Henry II mostlry cared about gaining land, and only helped neighboring countries when it benefited him. He never formed real allies, and was overall not a very friendly person when it came to dealing with other countries and making friends with them. The countries that he had defeated and/or had some sort of relations with will remember him in the future. If he did not leave a good impression on those countries(which he most likely did not), then they will definitely not want to relate with England in the future.

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/john_01.shtm- Does the common conception of Richard as 'good' and John as 'bad' hold up to reality?:

The reason that people saw Richard as "good" and John as "bad" is because the people never really saw Richard. He was a good person, but like John, he had flaws. He was away at war, and when he won, he was thought of as a hero back home. However, while he was away, he left the messy task of governing the country to others. Perhaps if he had been the one making the laws and restricting people, they may not have thought so well of him. John, on the other hand, was not all bad. He was good at planning out strategies, but he "lacked flair." It was easy for people to pick out John's not-so-good qualities because he wasn't away at war all of the time. In reality, they were both probably decent kings, but Richard had the the ability to make himself seem better than he really was.

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/magna_01.shtml- How did the Magna Carta change the relationship of the Monarch and his subjects?:

The Magna Carta made sure, for the first time, that the King followed all of the same laws and taxes as his people. This would seem to bring him closer to his people, to bring him down to their level, but the plan backfired. The Magna Carta was taken away within three months, and lots of people were rebelling. The people wanted a new king, and they fought against him and tried to bring in someone else. The Monarch had to fight to save his position until finally, he was killed. It is said that his death saved his kingdom. 

Notes 9/7- British History

• 1066, William the conqueror defeats the English at the Battle of Hastings and defeats Harold, King of England. 
• He brings the old French language with him, and Latin, and he brings Christianity. 

• The Domesday book is the first survey of everything that was in England at the time that William took charge. 

• The king is on top, the Barons are under him, and then the serfs are under the Baron. 

• Its a period in the twelfth century of religious warfare. 
• The center of the world on old maps is Jerusalem. It is the center of all maps from that period. 
• They get trade in Islamic art coming into Europe. 
• The Islamic scholars set up libraries, especially in Spain. 
• The biggest centers of learning and information in the world are captured by the Islamic people and the Europeans lose tons of knowledge, including like half of Aristotle's writings. The Islamic people have all of the knowledge. When the Islamic libraries open up, it is the beginning of the Renaissance. 
• English does not have a single root language. Other languages may have Latin as their root, but English does not have one single language. English is a Germanic language, going back thousands of years. So when the Normans invade, they bring French with them. Even though we speak a Germanic language, over 70% of the vocabulary we use is French and Latin.
•  Simple verbs are Germanic, but the way we express more complex ideas is all the French and stuff. This is a direct result of the Normans invading. 

• Balliol, Bruce, and Wallace
• the crusades themselves, by the 13th century, became to be thought of as a bad idea. It wasn't really getting anywhere. 
• The Battle of Jerusalem between Richard the 1st and Solomon. Richard the 1st and his forces are defeated. 
• They try to create unions between countries through Marriage. 
• Marriage between the European monarchies and aristocrats becomes a political tool. 
• During the reign of Henry the 3rd, English-ness occurs. 
• Edward the first becomes King, and he is thing king in the last quarter of the 13th century, and during this time we see the bureaucracy of England and the function of government. Financial organization in England becomes centralized from the office of the King. 
• Wales itself, is brought under English control by Edward the 1st. If you went to Wales today, the castles and all date all the way back to this period. 
•  "Rebellions in Wales are testament to some Welshman's continuined struggle for independence."

My Parent's Wedding

Herodotus Style

Twenty-four years ago was a special event in the history of my family; it was my parents wedding.  The story is told from many different views and in many different ways.  Such a large event can have so many little details, and each person has their own story of what went on that night.  The wedding ceremony took place at Loyola College in the Chapel, and my grandmother says that my mom got her college degree from there. The reception took place at Westminster Hall, my dad says. My grandmother told me it was the place built overtop of where Edgar Allen Poe was buried. The reception was a huge event, and there was lots of dancing. Everyone enjoyed themselves and even say that it was a very “warm” reception.

First, when my parents got there, the guests were already there and there were hors d’oeuvres. My mom says they had a raw bar, marinated shrimp, a strawberry tree, and cocktails. The food was very enjoyable, and while the guests continued eating, my parents got some pictures taken.

            After my parent’s arrival and pictures were taken, they had crab imperial and did some dancing. My grandmother says that they danced a lot, and they had the best food. There were lots of different kinds of dances going on that night, from the first dance, the dance with the father, and, my mom says that she also danced with her mother. My dad recalls a “dollar dance,” while my mom corrects him and calls it the “apron dance.” This is a dance where the bride dances to an upbeat polka-type song, and dances with everyone who gives a dollar. It is a way for the newlyweds to get a little bit of money to start out with. After this, my mom threw the bouquet, and my dad threw the garter (which he accidentally called a girdle).  My mom says, after that there was more dancing, because the people who catch those things dance together.   My mom also told me that there were lots of other things that they did that are wedding traditions, like cutting the cake.  I would have loved to have been there, it sounded like so much fun!

            There was some discrepancy about how many people attended the wedding. My grandmother could not quite recall, but just said that it was a lot of people. My dad seemed kind of confused and could not decide whether it was 320 or 250 people. My mom said, with certainty, that there were 250 people in attendance. While we may not know for sure how many people were there, it was definitely a large amount.

            The story of my parents wedding, as told by a couple of my relatives, was very interesting and despite the contrasting memories, I got a basic understanding of what went on.  I loved hearing about all of the dances and other events, even though I may not ever know the exact story of the night. 

Thucydides Style

            Twenty-four years ago was an important date in my family history; my parent’s wedding. The wedding took place on “Saturday, the sixth of September nineteen hundred and eighty-six at two o’clock in the afternoon,” according to their wedding invitation. It also is stated that the wedding ceremony was to take place in the Loyola College Chapel in Baltimore, Maryland.  The wedding reception was held at the Westminster church, built over top of Edgar Allen Poe’s gravesite.   To prepare for the wedding, my mom had a wedding shower and a bachelorette party.  She also had to buy a wedding dress, which seemed to be a long process.  There are multiple pictures of my mom trying on dresses. They had to hire photographers and order the food and decide the amounts, etc. Planning their wedding seemed like a very complicated task.

            The tiniest details are even very important in a wedding.  There is a list of food that they need that is five pages long! It includes what needed to be bought, and exactly how much of it they needed. There is also a list of all the songs that should be played at the wedding.  They also had to order things like the flowers that would be there at the wedding, and what would be used for the bouquet.  Every single thing was perfectly organized for the wedding.

            After the preparations, they were finally married.  The marriage certificate can verify this, but other than that, not much is known about the actual ceremony.  The reception is where all the fun took place, a night full of wonderful food and dancing. In my parent’s video of their reception, it looks like all of the many people in attendance were having a great time. All of that hard work and little details seemed to have paid off! 

            After the wedding festivities, my parents went on their honeymoon to Saint Thomas.  The boarding passes showed me where they were going and the schedule of activities at the hotel looks like they were busy the whole time!  There seemed to be lots of fun things to do. 

            Now I know exactly what happened at their wedding,but this story lacks one thing: emotions.