Notes 11/12

• The Hapsburg's want to reverse the protestant gains in the holy roman empire
• France was most interested that Germany itself had a strong cohesive political hold that it could trade with and such
• All that mattered to them was that they had stable neighbors. 
• The French monarchy supported the protestants even though France was Catholic
• In Denmark and Sweden, they are Lutheran, and support the protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• In 1618 war breaks out between the protestant union and the Catholic League. It is called the 30 years war
• Phase one of the war- 1618-1625- the Bohemian phase- began as a civil war between the catholics and protestants in Bohemia, Germany. Catholic was lead by Ferdinand II and the protestants were lead by Frederick V
• Ferdinand's forces win, and the Hapsburg's and the catholics take control of Bohemia
• The Danish phase- 1625-1629- King Christian IV of Denmark intervened to help support the protestants. 
• Christian IV is the Lutheran ruler of Denmark
• It was Christian IV(protestant) against Albert of Wallenstein(Catholic side)
• Wallenstein kicks butt
• He destroys the protestant forces
• The Edict of Restitution, issued by Ferdinand
• Phase three, the Swedish phase- 1630-1635- 
• The protestants are freaked out because they have now lost two rounds to the catholics. 
• The protestants, their dutch allies, and their French allies, turn to Gustavus Adolphus(King of Sweden)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus
• He defeats Wallenstein's forces
• He defeats the catholics in a series of battles which prevents them from being able to unify.... something that i didn't hear. 
• Phase four- The French phase- 1635-1648- 
• Gustavus Adolphus dies, and France sees that the protestants really need reinforcements now because they don't have the Swedish to help them. So the French come in. 
• Westphalia 1648
• All of the parties involved say that they need to come to a conclusion, they cannto continue the bloodshed
• So representatives meet. 
• Each of the independent German principalities received the right to conduct its own peace treaties and have its own diplomacy with countries
• The rulers were allowed to establish religion in their own areas, and Calvinism was accepted
• The independence of the Dutch republic
• The neutrality of Switzerland- they are a neutral country and will not go to war
• The French annexed Alsace. 
•  As many of one third of the German speaking people died, either from war or disease in the 30 years war. 
• The treaty of Westphalia does nothing to unify Germany. It remains fragmented
• If there was a winner to this, it would be France
• France will be the dominant power in Europe
• Exploration:
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomew Diaz 
• Vasco dagama 
• Pedro Cabral

• Goa
• Malacca
• Macao(china)
  
• Christopher Columbus
• Hernando Cortez
• The Aztecs
• Fransisco Peizarro

• Turkeys were introduced to Europe from the new world
• Also potatoes
• Also corn
• Also tomatoes
• Also peanuts
• Also tobacco
• Also vanilla and chocolate

• Europeans brought diptheria 
• and smallpox and 
• coffee
• cain sugar
• rice
• wheat