Thesis about the Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht after the Spanish Succession was trying to do good and balance power out, but it ended up giving a lot more power to England, with lots of control over trade and power over the New World, and this ensured that they would stay a dominant power in Europe.

Notes 12/14- review

• Capitalism as we know it did not exist yet int he time of Machiavelli
• 1483-1546 Martin Luther became an Augustinian monk
• Led an attack on the issue of the sale of indulgences
• 1517- Posted the 95 thesis and began the german protestant reformation
• The ethic of Calvinism was the ethic of Self control
• Calvin put for the idea that the overwhelming majority of human beings are damned
• Geneva Switzerland becomes the Calvinist stronghold
• In France the Calvinists are known as Huguenots 
• Council of Trent: 1546
• 30 years war- 1618-1648
• 1555- peace of Augsburg brought an end to the religious wars
• The princes got to chose which religion their principality followed
• The thirty years war began in bohemia. In 1617 when ferdinand II became king of Bohemia the peace shattered, and the bohemian protestants feared that he would make bohemia catholic again
• Cardinal Richelieu declares war on spain
• the treaty of Westphalia
• Guise- a powerful catholic family in france with tues both to henry and the Spanish crown
• The Huguenots appealed for better treatment
• War broke out
• Henry agrees to convert to catholicism and in exchange he gets to issue the edict of nantes which grants an amount of tolerance to protestantism
• the successors of Henry IV they continually try to weaken the edict of nantes
• William of Orange
• Fought against the tyranny of Philip
• At the same time the scots rebel against mary queen of scots
•  nary was catholic and was supported by spain

• Tycho Brahe 
• Edmund Haley
• Isaac Newton
• MIDTERM LEARN ABOUT THESE DUDES (scientific revolution) ^^^ and below

• John Locke- 
• Francis Bacon
• Thomas Hobbes 
• Wrote Leviathan 
• Leibmiz spinoza 

• Witchcraft- many Christian Europeans regarded witchcraft with suspicion but they lived with it, but that change in the 17th century 
• Kramer and Springer

Notes 12/13- Louis XIV

• Louis XIV
• Called the Sun King
• Trying to have universal sovereignty 
• Charlie II of Spain dies and he does not have an heir
• Gave the throne to Phillip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson, 
• The Grand alliance- Holland, Austria, The Principality of Brandenburg, and the Italian Duchy of Savoy
• The War of the Spanish Succession- 1701-1713
• 1713- France and the Grand Alliance signed the Treaty of Utrecht
• Will create a new balance of power in Europe that will last over the next 30 years.
• France- Louis' grandson, Phillip V was allowed to remain king of Spain as long as the two countries do not unite, and France can keep Alsace
• The English get naval bases in Gibraltar
• They take over the slave trade in Spain
• Austria- 
• The Duke of Savoy- 
• Is given Sicily, and becomes King of Sicily
• In 1720, he grows tired of Sicily
• He trades with Austria to get Sardinia and gives them Sicily 
• Brandenburg  elector- 
• Becomes the King of Prussia

The Dutch Republic

In 17th century Europe, the Dutch republic began to make some changes from the 'normal' way to run a country. While most countries around them were absolutists, the Dutch created a republic. The Dutch also were tolerant of many religions, unlike many neighboring countries, creating a safe and comfortable place for many people to come and live. The Dutch republic was able to become the most successful country in Europe because they let go of absolutism and instead created a republic that provided the most stable economy in Europe, religious toleration, and the highest living standards in all of Europe.

The government system in The Dutch Republic was exceedingly different from other governments at that time. They would not allow for a centralized leader, but instead had elected stadholders that governed each province. While these people were technically representatives that were ‘in charge,’ the middle class people of The Dutch Republic were very, very powerful and never let the stadholders get out of hand. Many provinces, in fact, all picked the same man; William of Orange was chosen by six out of seven of the provinces, and went on to try to centralize the power to himself. The powerful merchant class, however, prevented this from occurring. A republic ensured that the people received what they needed, because they were practically in charge, and it also was relaxed enough that it let them focus on other more important things, like the future of the country. The government that was formed was one of the many things that the made The Dutch Republic stand out and excel in the 17^th century.

            The Dutch republic was a comfort zone to many refugees fleeing from other countries. These people fled from a lack of religious toleration in their home land, which was abundant in The Dutch Republic. Sometimes the Republic even offered incentives to some religious groups, and when one religion found safety there, others soon followed. The sudden raises in population meant more money for the republic, which was an instant boost for their success.

            All of these policies and more provided a relaxing and calm place for many. The Dutch Republic was well rounded and successful in many other areas, including agriculture and their money system. The economy of the Dutch was the most stable in all of Europe; yet another factor drawing people towards it. They had successful banks and a widespread currency, and yet still managed to make decent amounts of money. Every single aspect of the republic seemed to draw more and more people.

            It was these differences that led to the success of the Dutch Republic. If they were not so different from the brutal conditions of other European countries, then there would be no need to move there. The Dutch Republic was a safe house that offered everything that other countries could not, and this is what gave it the best reputation in all of Europe. 

Free Response Essay Number 1, except better

  "Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"

In the 16th and 17th centuries, a scientific revolution took place in Europe. Galileo Galilee, one of the scientists at the time is now sometimes referred to as 'the father of science,' but was not always regarded quite as well. Galileo was put on trial and the cardinals of the catholic church said that Galileo was "suspected of heresy" and he was condemned to be put under house arrest for the rest of his life. The view of the authorities during the scientific revolution are astoundingly different from our views today. In fact, they only restricted Galileo and his research because of fear. They feared loss of power or control, because the ideas that Galileo came up with, that we now know to be true, were too radical for the church, and they questioned their teachings. If the authorities of the 16th and 17th centuries had not feared and questioned Galileo's ideas, such as heliocentrism, he would have had so much more freedom to make discoveries without having to keep an eye on the thoughts of the church, and had he had more adequate equipment available, the entire course of life, even up to today, would have been changed from the brilliance of Galileo.

The time in which Galileo lived was one that was very difficult in which to stray from the norm. The church and government had the control over the people, and were very strict judges of what the people did. As one can then imagine, scientific research was a very controversial subject. Many things researched in the scientific field were against what the church taught, and therefore against the government as well. When Galileo went against the church's teachings and taught his ideas to others, the church feared that people would believe it. If people did in fact believe, the church would be at risk of losing power. For example, Galileo came up with the idea of heliocentrism, meaning that the sun is the center of the universe. It had previously been thought that the sun revolved around the Earth. When the church heard this, that was the final straw and they accused Galileo of being a heretic and he was sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. It is apparent that if Galileo wanted to continue to be permitted to perform his research, he had to be cautious of the authority's watchful eye.

Other restriction's on Galileo's work included the tools and techniques available at that time. In modern times there is much more developed machinery, capable of doing so much more than what was even imagined in the time of Galileo. His brilliant mind, had it been born into this century, would be able to do so much with these advances. If he was able to use the meager resources he had to create things that we still use today, then imagine what he would have been able to do with all of the amazing equipment available now? He would make even more mountain moving discoveries. Galileo, in fact, was one of the people of his time that created unheard of tools. He created the telescope, a device still used by scientists and astronomers everywhere. Not only is it used by all of these people, but it is a basic, everyday thing to us now. It is strange to think that something so outlandish in the old days is just the norm for people today.

When one thinks of the time in which Galileo lived, they feel as though they cannot relate to it at all. Old times, old people, old ways; that has nothing to do with them, right? This is what most people believe, and while it is true that times have much changed since then, it is not as much as they think. Things that people did back then is the foundation of life for humanity today. Galileo is just one example of the past affecting the present, and if perhaps he had simply lived in another time period or country his restrictions would be gone and humans would know so much more today.

Galileo wasn't called the "Father of Science" for nothing. He mattered a lot, and in fact, he was one of the most important people in the scientific revolution. He was the father, the creator of what humans build upon today, what humans continue to create from. Galileo is an incredible example of something old and new at the same time. His work and ways showcased the thoughts and beliefs of people in his time period, but also showed the future. If he had been given the chance to work with the technology today and live in this world with lots more freedom, he would still just be making unfathomable discoveries that would serve as the groundwork for the generations of the future.

Google Maps

Mr. Wojo, I was not here on Friday which is why it was posted late.
http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=118416196644059539990.0004964676298c29bf6bd&ll=51.511787,-0.103083&spn=0.029486,0.077162&t=k&z=14


View Great Fire of London in a larger map

Notes 12/9-Louis XIV

• The Sun King
• He wants to get out of the country
• Regents or intendants are the people who help the young kings
• Edict of Nantes- gave religious freedom to the Huguenots
• Louis XIV revokes that so the Huguenots move somewhere else. 
• France had become the most powerful at the end of the 30 years war
• The Spanish Holdings

How to grade the essay

An 8 or 9-

• A clear, well developed thesis
• Supported with considerable, relevant historical information

5-7

• A partially developed thesis supported with some relevant historical information

2-4

• A confused and unfocused thesis. 

If you have no thesis, it is an automatic zero.

** if you want a 5 on the exam, each free response must be higher than a 6. 

Free Response Practice Test Number 1

                "Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"

Galileo Galilei was 'the father of science,' as said by many. While he did make an unbelievable amount of discoveries and change so many concepts of his time, he was held back by many things. His discoveries showed a glimpse of what the future of Europe would look like, but the restrictions he had also were a perfect example of what life was like in his time. For example, he did not have the much technology available in order to make discoveries, and he had to stay cautious of the government and the church to make sure that they approved of his ideas. If Galileo lived in our modern times, he would have had much more space and freedom allowing his brilliant mind to change the world, which is a perfect example how restricted life was in his own time. 

The time in which Galileo lived was one that was very difficult in which to stray from the norm. The church and government had the control over the people, and were very strict judges of what the people did. As you can then imagine, scientific research was a very controversial subject. Many things researched in the scientific field were against what the church taught, and therefore against the government as well. If Galileo wanted to continue to be permitted to perform his research, he had to be cautious of the authority's watchful eye. Other restriction's on Galileo's work included the tools and techniques available at that time. Obviously, in modern times we have much more developed machinery, capable of doing so much more than what was even imagined in the time of Galileo. His brilliant mind, if it had been born into this century, would be able to do so much with these advances. If he was able to do so much with the meager resources he had in the old days and was able to create things that we still use today, then imagine what he would have been able to do with all of the amazing things we have today? He would make even more mountain moving discoveries. 

When one thinks of the time in which Galileo lived, they feel as though they cannot relate to it at all. Old times, old people, old ways; that has nothing to do with them, right? This is what most people believe, and while it is true that times have much changed since then, it is not as much as they think. Galileo's discoveries, for example, are still very frequently used today. Take a look at the telescope. Astronomers and scientists all over the world still use this groundbreaking invention. To some, it seems to be a basic part of life, something not too special, but then think of this: it was created centuries ago, by a scientist who had the restrictions of the church and state to work around, and a great lack of resources. Not so simple then, is it? When pondering the brilliance of Galileo, one must take into consideration the time period in which he worked.

Galileo's telescope is just one of the many things he gifted to the world. Many of these things are not only still being used, but built upon. We now have many kinds of telescopes available, ones that Galileo could never have created in his time, though he had the mind to be able to. His mind plus modern technology would have equaled unbelievable advances not yet dreamed of, just like what people felt in his time. His inventions may have seemed strange or useless to some people of his time and he and his inventions may even have seemed crazy. However, they showed an glimpse of what the future would be like far beyond their time. The outstanding accomplishments of his time made the basics of our world today. Without people in history making these kinds of advances, we would have no base to build on in modern times. We cannot do it without them.

Galileo wasn't called the "Father of Science" for nothing. He mattered a lot, and in fact, he started a whole scientific revolution. He was the father, the creator of what we build upon today, what we continue to create from. Galileo is an incredible example of something old and new at the same time. His work and ways showcased the thoughts and beliefs of people in his time period, but also showed the future. If he had been given the chance to work with our technology today, he would still just be making unfathomable discoveries that would serve as the ground for the generations of the future. 

Notes 12/3- France

• France
• Late 16th through early 18th cent.
• 1598 King Henry IV of France
• Issued Edict of Nantes
• Granted religious toleration to the French Huguenots
• Established Henry IV as a politique
• Nobility was exempt from paying taxes
• Caused tax problems
• Henry IV appoints Duke of Sully
•  Makes the tax system more efficient
• Nobility decided to give money in exchange for prestigious positions in the government; rather than pay taxes
• Called the Nobility of the Robe
• 1610: Henry IV is assassinated
• From the family of the House of Bourbon
• One of the greatest families of France
• His son, Louis XIII becomes king
• He is only nine years old
• Cardinal Richelieu becomes Chief Minister, most important regent
• 1624-1642: Richelieu is in charge of France
• Goal: strengthen the royal power in France
• A politique
• Put politics ahead of religion
• His heart is with the king of france and not with the pope
• Wanted to knock down the up-and-coming nobles
• Divides france into 32 segments
• Noble in charge was replaced by superintendent
• Usually  middle class people
• They would be more loyal because they have a position of power
• Thought it was important to limit habsburg power
• Supports the Protestants in the 30 years war
• They are against the Habsburgs
• He doesn't want them to become more powerful
• Example of politique
• 1642: Richelieu dies and Louis XIII also 
• Louis XIII had a son, Louis XIV
• Louis XIV comes to the throne at the age of 5
• Known as the sun king
• He will be one of the most famous and dominant people in French history
• His chief minister is named Cardinal Mazarin
• Rebellion starts breaking out
• Frondes
• Caused Louis XIV to leave Paris
• Grows up with a resentment towards these people
• Bishop Bossuet
• Theorized the Divine Right of Kings
• The principal architect of the idea of absolutism in the 17th century
• Louis XIV says "I am the state."
• He is an absolute monarch
• Did not share power with a parliament like in England
• Divine right
• Increased power and authority of Richelieu's intendants 
• Power of the nobility goes down
• Nobility must owe their allegiance to the king
• Nobility is stuck below Louis XIV
• Versailles describes the personality of Louis XIV
• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Appointed by Louis XIV to be the minister of France
• Instituted the practice of mercantilism
• More exports than imports
• government control over the economy
• France had a major colony in the New World, Quebec
• Encourages the Fur Trade in Canada
• 1685: France has a population of 19 million
• 1 million are Huguenots
• Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes
• Closes all protestant Churches and forces them all to convert
• French working class was very heavy Huguenot
• 200,000 French working class leave the country

Mercantilism

More government control 

more exports than imports