Notes 5/5

• Warsaw pact vs NATO
• Cuba had been a spanish colony
• It had gained independence and was supported by the US
• The united states saw themselves as a stabilizing agent in the region
• Che
• Kennedy plays his hand well and the soviets back down and the missiles are taken out of cuba
• Perestroika
• Gorbachev and Ronald Reagen will have a series of summit meetings ultimately producing a treaty between them
• Boris Yeltsin 
• The SALT treaty
• Strategic arms limitation talks
• Sputnik
• Soviets send it up into space
• America wonders how the soviets have surpassed them in science and technology
• 5 year plans!
• Ghana
• The first former british colony in Africa to become independent
• Post-colonialism

Multiple choice results

41/80

Notes 5/3

• The Philadelphia experiment- working on bombs

• in japan, US bombers had been targeting japanese cityies, including Tokyo
• They wipe out a huge part of Tokyo

Notes 5/2

• de-housing german workers word halt industrialization, or so they thought

Review: 

• The battle of Britain and the Blitz- 1940-1941
• German goes back on the non aggression treaty with Russia and attacks the soviet union
• Stalingrad
• United states will take on Japan 
• Atomic bombs are dropped
• American and British troops down through north Africa and up into Sicily
• D-day
• 1944- Dwight Eisenhower was the general of something
• The battle of Berlin 
• The marshall plan

Notes 4/29

• Paratroopers had been dropped inthe wrong place
• D day, June 4, there is an enormous invasion force preparing to land, and none of the jheaiufdheakfjdshfaliuahduhfliuhajuhfl

Notes 4/28

• Rommel- Hitler's top general for his army
• He fought Hitler's north Africa campaign alongside the Italian Fascists.
• Vichy France is south france, actually

• Pearl Harbor caused the US to enter into the war because they wanted to strike back
• Japanese who lived in America were seen as suspicious
• The American convoys
• This is why Hitler declares war on the US. They were not previously officially at war

Nazis invading Russia

• Nazis invaded and took the city, but then the Russian army surrounded the city and the Nazis were trapped inside
• there were more soviets than nazis
• The germans did have better weapons though
• both sides said no surrender, take no prisoners
• they are gonna fight until the last man
• This battle was the symbolic turning point of the war
• Soviets win

Notes 4/27

• Hitler youth- children in the Nazi party
• all trade unions are abolished, and members of trade unions are enemies of the state
• enemies of the state can be executed
• jews are put in to ghettos 
• homosexuals are rounded up
• intellectuals from uni's with degrees who disagree with Nazi's are rounded up

• George VI crowned in England

• Stalin in Russia
• Stalin has probs already killed about 5 million of his people before the war starts

• Sept 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. THIS BEGINS WORLD WAR II. 
• By september 27, Germany had conquered Poland. 

• France, May, 1940
• Germans came in from Norway
• The Blitzkrieg consumed Europe
• France fell
• The last of the British allies in France leave from Dunkirk under heavy fire from the Germany artillery. That is the end for France. It is divided into Vichy France and South France
• Winston Churchill

• LONDON- SEPTEMBER 1940
• Bavaria, Germany, 1941
• Operation Barbarossa
• German advance was rapid, capturing lots of the Soviet Union
• Over 3 million Soviet soldiers were captured

Notes 4/26- World War II

• Germany 1937
• Nazi rally 
• Lead by Hitler
• Fascism
• Have gained a lot of power as Hitler centralizes and solidifies the power onto himself
• He works on industrialization, tries to build up a modern army
• Tanks come in to play
• Castellon, Spain
• Franco comes to power and he wants to crush the elected republicans; this makes the spanish civil war
• Targeted civilians from the air
• By 1939, Franco and his Fascist allies were victorious
• Britain 1937
• Worried about Hitler trying to expand and stuff
• Hitler had said that he would not do that
• Bavaria, Germany, 1936
• US
• Emerging from depression
• Didn't want to get involved in European problems
• King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visited Washington D.C.
• Germany, 1939
• Nazi Germany was strong and confident

World War I DBQ

World War I, " the Great War," involved all of the great powers of Europe and killed more than eight million soldiers.  Discuss the reasons which led to the rising international tensions that sparked World War I.


World War I dramatically changed life in Europe as it was previously known. With more than eight million soldier deaths, the effects were obviously enormous. Causes of "The Great War," as it was called in its time, have been largely disputed over the years because there was so much history and so many events leading up to it. A war this large cannot have just a single cause; many events and beliefs, including the German's sense of superiority and the racism throughout Europe, anxiety and revolution within countries, and the allying of many European countries built up the pressure which lead to World War I.

Many unfavorable traits thrived in the hearts of the European people prior to and during the war. Germany truly believed the Germanic races to be above everyone else. Document 3 exhibits the belief of Germans which states that they are more gifted than all other races. This gave Germany many ideas and the confidence to try to see them through. They wanted to expand their country and eventually take over the world; after all, they did think that they were the most fit to be on top (Doc 4). Other countries, as shown in document 4, resented Germany for wanting to take over the world. However, some were too afraid to go against them, and allied along with Germany to see if they could get a piece of their superiority.

Jews were one group of people that would definitely not get in on Germany's attempted rise to the top. Anti-semitism ran wild throughout all of Europe. Adolf Hitler took this anti-semitism to the max by killing unthinkable amounts of Jews and other "inferior" races. Racism between countries also was a common theme. Germans, however, were never excluded from anything. Document 9 shows Germany's declaration of war against Russia. This was a very gutsy move for Germany, but they were extremely confident and ready to get a jump start in ruling the world. Before it was realized, almost every country was at war with one another, like Austria-Hungary declaring war against Serbia to sort out their differences once and for all (Doc 7).

As a result of the vast amounts of fighting, countries allied. They all knew that nothing could be accomplished if they each fought on their own, so they found similar desires and allied. Germany allied with Austria-Hungary, as shown in Document 1, so that they could protect each other from Russia. These two then later added Italy to their alliance, creating an even stronger force that was sure to conquer. This alliance guaranteed each member a protector when they got into trouble(Doc 2). Alliances like this one, The Triple Alliance, looked like a good idea to everyone, and soon many new enemies were made as countries sided against each other.

All of these influencing factors lead to one of the most devastating wars in history. These causes, as stated above, will always be disputed, but in reality the reasons are quite clear. People get over confident and want to try for more, and after that, things just spiral out of control. World War I was caused by the self absorbed Germany and the disputes they brought about between all of the other countries.

Notes 4/12

• Germany started the war because they saw that it was inevitable, so instead of waiting for the more powerful Russians to start the war, they did it to get the advantage. 
• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook38.html
• http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.html

History of The World... Kinda

Bronze Age
Rome became a republic in 509
Middle ages 500-1300/1400
Renaissance lasts for 200-250 years, period of rebirth in Europe- birth of humanism, and the age of exploration
Enlightenment- age of reason, birth of democracy
Industrial Revolution 1750-1900- changed the industrial face of Europe, the age of revolution, unifications of Italy and Germany
Era of Mass Politics
Modernism- movement in art, Picasso

Second Rough Draft: The Medici and Their Secrets to Success

In Florence during the time of the Italian Renaissance, a very influential family took power. The Medici family became the leading family of Florence, staying in power for a little over three generations; much longer than other families of the time. It was unusual for a ruling authority to be so well liked at the time, but they managed to achieve this because they were well educated, they genuinely cared about Florence, and they knew what it took to be good leaders. They founded an enormous bank that was widely popular; not only in Florence, but all over the country. Their prominence, however, sometimes faced some difficulties. Other Florentine families, like the Albizzi and Alberti, plotted against the Medici to try to take their position. Even though adversaries worked against them, the Medici had a prominent rule in Florence beginning with Cosimo and ending with Lorenzo during the Italian Renaissance because the they were not arrogant and they did not take their position for granted as they founded and maintained Europe's most prosperous bank; however, when subsequent Medici rulers did in fact start to stray from the usual fairness and started reaching too far into the pockets of the people and the church, the powerful bank collapsed -- along with the Medici rule.   

            The Medici’s were not always so well-known and popular. In fact, the family started out as far less notable than many other families of the time. The Medici’s slowly gained their prominent position through generations, with some family members being more well known than others. A few members of the family became well known in the 14^th century for wool trade. The family’s rank as a whole was bumped up a bit later in the generations through a marriage. This gave them access to a more central authority position. Their involvement with a plot in 1400, however, resulted in their exile from Florentine politics for 20 years. Two members of the family managed to be excused from this exile, and they were the ones who started the famous Medici dynasty.

            Averardo de’ Medici was the first Medici to be in a position of real political power. He was not a very successful banker or businessman, and therefore did not do anything groundbreaking in his time of power, but he publicized the Medici name. His son, Giovanni di Bicci, had been well trained in business by his uncle, and he founded the Medici bank, which would later become the main source of the Medici’s power. Right when the bank was opened, the Medici’s power and money came flooding in, and although Giovanni became one of the richest men in Florence, he did not become the authority figure; that would be for the later Medici generations. The Medici bank was reliable, and more and more people came to like and respect the Medici family because of this.

            Founded in 1397, the Medici bank was the largest and most respected bank in Europe of its time. There are many improvements and innovations that the Medici’s came up with that revolutionized banking, including the development of the ledger system through the development of double entry system of tracking and debits. At one point, the currency of Europe was a coin made by the Medici based on a vote of the people. Although the initial rise of the bank brought Giovanni lots of fame and fortune, he was not the one that became head of state; his son Cosimo did.

            Cosimo was able to smoothly take control of the bank when Giovanni died. Nothing was disrupted or interfered with. Cosimo’s key to success was the fact that he tried to please the people. Whatever the people expected or wanted in a leader, they got it in Cosimo. Florentine people liked the idea of having a democracy, so Cosimo carefully stayed in control without technically holding any political offices. He used his plentiful wealth to control the voting, and thus was able to easily stay in power. His tricks did not bring dislike from his people; instead, they enjoyed his rule! In fact, Cosimo had so much power that other families felt threatened by him. These families conspired against him, and they were able to get him accused of something and sent to prison. Cosimo, however, had no intentions of going to prison. He turned the prison sentence into an exile, and when he left, he took his bank with them. He had such a large and loyal group of clients who all followed the bank wherever he took it. The population of Florence went way down, and eventually the exile had to be lifted so that they could come back to Florence. Cosimo, after gaining vast amounts of money and fame, passes away and leaves all of it for his son, Piero.

            When his father passed the bank onto him, Piero was all set and ready to go. He had already planned and prepared a financial overview and knew where he was going to take the bank. He made many people pay off outstanding loans that his father had just let be there, which did make some people very unhappy, but it only made the bank more successful. He was a good ruler despite the few unhappy people, continuing his family’s tradition of artistic patronage. His son Lorenzo de’ Medici was a bit more liked than him.

            Florence flourished under Lorenzo’s rule. Other jealous families targeted him, and he and his brother were once attacked. His brother was killed and Lorenzo was stabbed but luckily, he made it away alive. After this, Lorenzo made it a point to pursue peace in Florence, and there was a good balance of power between the northern Italian states. 

DBQ

The second half of the nineteenth century was a time of great change for Europe. Many revolutions, reformations, and advances took place, shaping Europe into what we know it as today. Industrialization changed the lives of many, and the revolution that followed it changed many more. Europe became the modernized place that it is today because of the late nineteenth century, especially because of events like the Industrial Revolution that changed the lives of the lower and middle classes immensely.

The pictures above show these changes that occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century. Figure one depicts people all sitting together in a small space. The clothing and sad expressions on the forward most people indicate that they are poor. These type of people were the lower class people of Europe, and they went through lots of suffering and difficulty because of this. The painter of the picture was mostly likely one of these lower class people himself. The expressions on their faces show what these people truly must have felt. They are being excluded from the the rest of the people, who seem to be of a higher status. They all are wearing top hats and look more trimmed and well kept, and they also seem to be giving the low class people derogatory looks. During the Industrial Revolution, these lower class people had a very hard time. They were forced by hunger and responsibility to their families to work in dirty, unhealthy factories for long hours and low wages. Workers began to think that this was unfair, but because they were so poor they depended on their jobs. They had no other way to get money, and their family needed it. So the poor people, or proletariat, needed the factory owners.

The factory owners, who were a class above the proletariat, were called the bourgeois. They were not struggling at all like the proletariat were; they made plenty of profit. They payed the workers just enough money for them to live, but not enough money for them to rise up and succeed in life. They suppressed them. Figure two depicts members of the bourgeois strolling happily around an industrialized European city. They don't seem to have a care in the world, and this is most likely because it was painted by a member of the bourgeois. While the bourgeois were out making profits and cheating their workers, the proletariat were still in the factories, working to just barely survive. Unfair treatment like this is what made people like Marx spring into action.

Karl Marx was a socialist. In fact, he created his own type of socialism: Marxism. He worked for the equal rights of workers, and believed that they could, and should, overthrow the bourgeois. Another of Marx's ideas was that prices of goods should be determined by how long they took to produce and the amount of labor involved. Marx wrote pamphlets like das Capital, and he also wrote his Manifesto, which influenced the proletariat very much. Marx led people to realize that they could change what was happening to them; they did not have to undergo this unfair treatment.

The proletariat finally succeeded after following Marx's direction. The poorer people shown in Figure one became the people shown in Figure two. Laws were passed about fairer wages and amounts of hours which workers were permitted to work, and life became a lot easier for these people. With some aggravation and and determination and a bit of revolution, anything is possible, as these proletariat show.

Redone Romanticism FRQ

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?

The Enlightenment was a time of knowledge and learning. People were fascinated by science, causing them to observe nature and all that was around them. They also were intrigued by philosophy, and many people searched for answers about God and religion and what God had in mind for the human race. Romanticism challenged these views; Romantics looked for escape and individuality in nature. They valued emotions and the human soul. They expressed themselves freely, but the soul and integrity of humans were too important to save any room for God. Individualism also started during the Romantic period, and that only pushed God out more. The Romantic Era drastically countered the previous thoughts of the Enlightenment, lessening the importance of God because the focus on emotions, the arts, nature, and individualism was heightened.

Movements like the Sturm und Drang really got Romanticism off to running start. The Sturm und Drang was a movement taking place in German literature where writers were free to go to the extremes with their emotions and thoughts in their writing. They were encouraged to be off the wall individuals and to make great changes with their writings. Writers of the Sturm und Drang believed that the previous Era of Enlightenment had failed to let people experience life to the fullest; the way that it should be experienced. Goethe was a German writer of the time, who wrote pieces like The Sorrows of Young Werther, which was a tragic love story that looked into Goethe's own feelings of love and pain. Many other plays and novels with a tragic story jammed pack with emotion were typical of the Sturm und Drang movement, and then continued on to be typical of many Romantic writings.

Literature in Romanticism was groundbreaking. Nothing had been written in time periods before that was even vaguely similar. Supernatural powers, superheroes, and the impossible became common themes. Edgar Allen Poe was, and still is known, for his creepy poems and stories that involve  often supernatural events. Mary Shelley was also a well known novelist, the creator of the story of Frankenstein. Romantic poems were windows that looked deep into the souls of the writers. John Keat's poems showed what he felt about life and nature, among other topics, and were full of beautiful details and effects and they showed his true emotions. Some writers of the Romantic movement became some of the first celebrities of all time, and because their writings were well known and widespread, many people were sucked into the Romantic culture.

Nationalism was a popular theme during the Romantic Era. People felt great pride for their country, and one can see this in many ways in their art. Delacroix, a painter, was famous for his  painting Liberty leading the People. The painting glorifies liberty and triumph, truly showing the nationalism of the French people. Many people also painted nature scenes, and architecture brought back the Gothic designs. Art in the Romantic period simply reflected all of the themes of the era.

Romantic people painted, wrote, and spoke about what they thought was important. Individualism, being alone in the natural world to think, their emotions and feelings. These beliefs did not fit in with religion. Many Romantics were atheists, caring more about their own souls than what God had planned for them. Romanticism was  a rebuttal to the Enlightenment and everything, including the people's religions, were stark opposites. 

Rough Draft: The Medici and Their Secrets to Success

In Florence during the time of the Italian Renaissance, a very influential family took power. The Medici family became the leading family of Florence, staying in power for a little over three generations; much longer than other families of the time. But why were they so successful? Why were they well-liked by the citizens of Florence? They were well educated, they genuinely cared about Florence, and they knew what it took to be good leaders. Even though adversaries worked against them, the Medici had a prominent rule in Florence beginning with Cosimo and ending with Lorenzo during the Italian Renaissance because the they were not arrogant and they did not take their position for granted as they founded and maintained Europe's most prosperous bank; however, when subsequent Medici rulers did in fact start to stray from the usual fairness and started reaching too far into the pockets of the people and the church, the powerful bank collapsed -- along with the Medici rule.   

            The Medici’s were not always so well-known and popular. The family started out as far less notable than many other families of the time. The Medici’s slowly gained their prominent position through time, some family members becoming well known in the 14^th century for wool trade. They were later became a more elite through a marriage, and this moved them into a central position. They became involved with a plot in 1400 which resulted in their exile from Florentine politics for 20 years. However, two members of the family were excused from this exile, and they were the ones who started the Medici dynasty.

            Averardo de’ Medici was the first of the Medici’s in a place of political power. He was not a very successful banker or businessman. His son, Giovanni di Bicci, on the other hand, had been well trained by his uncle, and he founded the Medici bank, which would become the source of the Medici’s power. Right when the bank was opened, the Medici’s began gaining more money and power, and Giovanni became one of the richest men in Florence. The Medici bank was reliable, and more and more people came to like and respect the Medici bank and the Medici family.

            Founded in 1397, the Medici bank was the largest and most respected bank in Europe of its time. There are many improvements and innovations that the Medici’s came up with that revolutionized banking, like the development of the ledger system through the development of double entry system of tracking and debits. At one point, the currency of Europe was a coin made by the Medici based on a vote of the people. Although the initial rise of the bank brought Giovanni lots of fame and fortune, he was not the one that became head of state: his son, Cosimo, did.

            Cosimo was able to smoothly take control of the bank when Giovanni died. Nothing was disrupted or interfered with. Cosimo’s key to success was the fact that he tried to please the people. Whatever the people expected or wanted in a leader, they got it in Cosimo. Florentine people liked the idea of having a democracy, so Cosimo carefully stayed in control without technically holding any political offices. He used his plentiful wealth to control the voting, and thus was able to easily stay in power. His tricks did not bring dislike from his people; instead, they enjoyed his rule! In fact, Cosimo had so much power that other families felt threatened by him. These families conspired against him, and they were able to get him accused of something and sent to prison. Cosimo, however, had no intentions of going to prison. He turned the prison sentence into an exile, and when he left, he took his bank with them. He had such a large and loyal group of clients who all followed the bank wherever he took it. The population of Florence went way down, and eventually the exile had to be lifted so that they could come back to Florence. Cosimo, after gaining vast amounts of money and fame, passes away and leaves all of it for his son, Piero.

            When his father passed the bank onto him, Piero was all set and ready to go. He had already planned and prepared a financial overview and knew where he was going to take the bank. He made many people pay off outstanding loans that his father had just let be there, which did make some people very unhappy, but it only made the bank more successful. He was a good ruler despite the few unhappy people, continuing his family’s tradition of artistic patronage. His son Lorenzo de’ Medici was a bit more liked than him.

            Florence flourished under Lorenzo’s rule. Other jealous families targeted him, and he and his brother were once attacked. His brother was killed and Lorenzo was stabbed but luckily, he made it away alive. After this, Lorenzo made it a point to pursue peace in Florence, and there was a good balance of power between the northern Italian states. 

Free Response

Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.


The revolutions that take place in during Italian unification and during the French Revolution are vastly different. The people of each place wanted something done for their country, but the ways that they went about it differed. Mazzini and Garibaldi's methods and views of revolution were much much more controlled than those of the French revolutionaries. Mazzini and Garibaldi had more authority that the revolutionaries of France did, and which is why they were able to have organized battles and negotiations, while the French had uprisings and were unable to control their people. 


Mazzini was one of the leading figures in the beginning of the Italian unification. He organized a group called 'Young Italy.' He did this because he believed that having the people of Italy grouped together and wanting the same thing would be very powerful. His Young Italy group promoted the unification of Italy to foreign powers that controlled Italian states and planned some revolts. Mazzini thought that if the unification of Italy was a popular idea among the people, they could make it happen. 


Garibaldi followed Mazzini as an authoritative figure in the Italian unification. He had similar views as Mazzini. After being summoned from his exile by Cavour, he jumped right in to action. He led his armies to defeat the French and other foreign powers that were dominating the Italian states. He defeated Austria and regained more of the Italian land. Throughout the battles and the revolutions, the Italian people became one, because they all wanted the same thing; an Italy that they could call their own. 


French Revolutionaries were not quite as organized as Mazzini and Garibaldi. While the French people all had the similar desire to break their country out of an absolutist rule, they were not quite as unified as the Italian people. Riots broke out in the streets, people spoke their own minds and did what they thought right with no authoritative figures like Garibaldi and Mazzini to lead them. The wealthier men who were members of the Estates General or who were a part of the Tennis Court Oath did not lead their people as armies to defeat the absolutist king. These wealthier men revolted in their own way, and the common people revolted in their own way. 


In the end, both goals of the French Revolution and the Italian Unification were accomplished. However, the French Revolution resulted in much more confusion, chaos, and bloodshed that did the Italian Unification because while the people wanted to become a whole, they did not work together. 

Notes 3/17- Continued from yesterday

• 1861- Victor Emmanuel becomes king of united Italy
• Garibaldi is happy and leaves
• Cavour dies
• Austria and Prussia are going to go to war
• Italy sides with Prussia, and Prussia wins
• Prussia gives Italy the Venito, including Venice as a thank you
• Then, Prussia goes to war with France in the Franco-Prussian war
• Italy sided with Prussia again, and Prussia won
• As a thank you, Prussia made sure that all the French were swept out of Rome, Emmanuel's forces descend upon Rome, and they make it the capitol of Italy. 
• When Emmanuel's forces go into Rome, they do not tell everyone what to do, they put it up for a vote. They offer for them to either join Italy, or stay under the Pope. They join Italy. They kicked the pope out and limit his rule to the Vatican. 
• Because Italy was new at the nationhood thing, the democracy they had was limited. a lot of authority still rested on the king
• There was great disparity between the north and the south. 

Notes 3/16- Realism

Realism

• Basically just shows reality. Paintings and things became more realistic.
• Paintings did not depict things dealing with religion or mythology. 
• Things developed during the realistic period: 
• Development of modern nation-states as we know them today
• Alliances
• Italy
• Had still been a bunch of principalities, loosely connected, while other countries formed nations.
• Mazzini had tried to unify Italy. 
• Before unification, Italy was cut up into about a dozen different areas, each one politically independent from each other. 
• Victor Emmanuel 
• Rules Piedmont-Sardinia
• Elected Camillo di Cavour as prime minister in 1852
• He puts a plan into action
• He sees that the Italian economy has to change, and so he tries to have the government and the banks supply more credit to investors and entrepreneurs
• So, he goes around looking for people to become investors in the Italian market
• He also builds railroads 
• He makes taxes against church property
• He sets limits on the income of Italian bishops
• Wants to modernize northern Italy and sees lots of opportunity for economic growth
• Meanwhile, there was the influence of Mazzini
• The people in the south really latched on to his message
• He advocated things like the right to have a job, the right to vote, etc
• He preached democracy
• He appealed to the poor and working classes in southern Italy, and also to the Croats and the Slavs and all of the people struggling to make a living
• Cavour and Mazzini are basically opposites
• Cavour negotiates trade agreements with Britain in France. In exchange for the agreement with France, Piedmont itself fought within the alliance in the Crimean war
• Piedmont was concerned that Russia was going to invade
• So they make a deal with France that they will give certain territories in Northern Italy in exchange for France negotiating with Russia to stay out. 
• The treaty of Villa Franca
• Garibaldi became kind of the next Mazzini
• He was a revolutionary
• He was exiled after fighting in Lombardi with Mazzini
• Cavour brings Garibaldi back from his exile and finances his operations
• He comes to southern italy, and the people, especially the poor and working people, love him
• His organization becomes known as the 'red shirts' 
• He takes them around
• and he claims Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel

Notes 3/15- Age of Realpolitik

• Crimean war
• Napoleon III
• This war starts because Napoleon II and the Turks butt heads over trying to grant safety areas in the Holy lands
• Florence Nightingale
• Nurse during the Crimean War
• She discovered that more soldiers were dying from disease than wounds
• Nightingale's "Light Brigade" superbly tended to wounded men during the war, although fatalities due to disease remained high. 
• Second French republic
• Constitution: unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly elected president of the republic
• Universal male suffrage
• President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness
• Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes-- church, army, property-owners, and business. 
• Second French Empire
• Emperor Napoleon III: took control of government in coup d'etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year
• Baron Georges von Haussmann
• Infrastructure: railroads, canals, roads; redeveloped
• Syllabus of Errors
• Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors (1864), condemning liberalism
• Italian unification
• King Victor Emmanuel 
• First King of Italy
• Falloux Law
• Louis Napoleon returned control of education to the church (in return for its support) 
• Minimized influence of the legislative assembly
• Supported policies favorable to the army
• Disenfranchised many poor people from voting
• Destroyed the democratic-socialist movement by jailing or exile its leaders and closing down labor unions
• "Liberal empire"
• Bu initiating a series of reforms
• Napoleon III's rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe
• Demonstrated how government could reconcile popular and conservative forces through authoritarian nationalism. 
• Count Cavour
• Served as King Victor Emmanuel's prime minister between 1852 and 1861
• Essentially a moderate nationalist and aristocratic liberal
• The law on convents and Siccardi Law
• Sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church
• "Il Risorgimento" 
• A newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the foundation of a new unified Italy. 
• Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red shirts
• liberated southern Italy and Sicily
• "Humiliation of Olmutz"
• 1849, Austria had blocked the attempt of Frederick William IV of Prussia to unify Germany "from above"
• Zollverein
• German customs union, 1734
• Kleindeutsch plan
• Otto von Bismark
• led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern Germany
• Junker background; obsessed with power
• 'Gap Theory'
• gained Bismark's favor with the king
• "Blood and iron"
• Prussian-Danish War, 1863
• Austro-Prussian War, 1866
• Reichstag
• German parliament
• The parliament consisted of two houses that shared power equally
• Bundestag
• The lower house of the reichstag
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Ausgleich

• Realpolitik was the political manifestation of 'realism'

Final Outline

Question:
Why were the Medici able to have a successful and long rule, especially compared to the other families of their time that worked against them?
Thesis:
Even though adversaries worked against them, the Medici had a prominent rule in Florence beginning with Cosimo and ending with Lorenzo during the Italian Renaissance because the they were not arrogant and they did not take their position for granted as they founded and maintained Europe's most prosperous bank; however, when subsequent Medici rulers did in fact start to stray from the usual fairness and started reaching too far into the pockets of the people and the church, the powerful bank collapsed -- along with the Medici rule.   
Definitions:
Dynasty- A line of hereditary rulers in a country. (Oxford)
Duchy- The territory of a Duke or Duchess; a dukedom. (Oxford)
Humanism- A Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought. (Oxford)
Double-entry bookkeeping system- A set of rules for recording financial information in a financial accounting system in which every transaction or event changes at least two different nominal ledger accounts. (Wikipedia)
The Albizzi- A Florentine family originally based in Arezzo, who were rivals of the Medici and Alberti families
The Alberti- A wealthy Florentine merchant banking family that was influential in European politics in the second half of the 14th century and notable for its patronage f the arts and beneficence toward the poor. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Cosimo de' Medici- The first of the Medici political dynasty, de factorulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance. (Wikipedia)
Piero de' Medici- the de facto ruler of Florence from 1464 to 1469, during the Italian Renaissance. (Wikipedia)  
Lorenzo de' Medici- an Italian statesman and de facto uler of the Florentine republic during the Italian Renaissance. (Wikipedia)
De Facto-
-In fact, or in effect, whether by right or not. Often contrasted with de jure. (Oxford)
-A Latin expression that means "by [the] fact." In law, it means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but without being officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure (which means "concerning the law") when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique that are found in the common experience as created or developed without or contrary to a regulation.  (Wikipedia)
Sources:
Primary: Lorenzo de' Medici 1491: Paternal Advice To A Cardinal; Niccolo Machiavelli 1496-1527: History of Florence: Lorence de' Medici; 1537-1743: The Medici Archives; November 24, 1494 Piero de' Medici: Letter to Lorenzo and Giovanni di Pierfrancesco de' Medici; June 24, 1453 Cosimo de' Medici: Letter to Francesco Sforza; January 19, 1488 Lorenzo de' Medici: Letter to Pietro Vettori; Leon Battista Alberti: On the Family.
Secondary: The House of Medici; Cosimo de' Medici; Piero di Cosimo de' Medici; Medici Bank;  Albizzi; Leon Battista Alberti; Leon Battista Alberti; Leon Battista Alberti (Wikipedia).
I have some books to pick up at the library also, and I will be using more wikipedia articles for background information.
Outline:
1. How the dynasty came to be/origins
1. The Medici
1. They started out being far less notable than most families in Italy of the time, even less notable that the Albizzi.
2. They were connected to one of the more elite families through a marriage, which gave them a central position.
3. Some members of the family rose to prominence in the 14th century due to wool trade.
4. The Medici were involved in a plot in 1400, which ended in the banning of Medici family members from Florentine politics for 20 years.
1. Two members of the family were excused from this. One of them, Averardo de' Medici, started the Medici dynasty. 
1. Averardo was not a very successful business man or banker.
2. People leading up to the Medici dynasty
1. Averardo de' Medici's son was Giovanni di Bicci
1. Giovanni started the Medici bank, and gained more wealth for the family.
2. He became one of the richest men in Florence.
3. He never held a real political position, but he gained a lot of like and respect for his family.
4. Giovanni was trained by his uncle, who, unlike his father, was a more prominent banker and was good with business.
2. Giovanni's son was Cosimo, who became the unofficial head of state.
2. The Medici bank
1. Started by Giovanni di Bicci and is usually stated to be founded in 1397.
1. Largest and most respected bank in Europe during its prime.
1. The bank is known for improving the general ledger system through the development of double entry system of tracking credits and debits.
2. There was even a time when the currency issued by the Medici became the preferred currency in Europe.
1. Even though Giovanni started the bank and became very respected, he did not become head of state; his son did.
2. The bank really started to become more successful in 1397, when Giovanni separated his bank from his nephew.
1. They moved to Florence.
2. The Alberti, however, were a very large family there and had a lot of control over the Catholic Church's business.
3. The Alberti soon were banished, however, which created a sort of void.
4. More branches of the bank began to open.
5. They soon began prospering, and even more branches were opened!
6. When Giovanni died, the bank was smoothly passed into the hands of Cosimo. Not much was disrupted.
3. Cosimo de' Medici
1. His character/things he did
1. Because Florence liked the idea of their being a democracy, Cosimo pretended to have little political ambition and  did not often hold a public office.
1. Despite this, he did have plentiful wealth, which he used to control voting.
2. The other leading families in Florence, like the Albizzi and the Strozzi, felt threatened by the power he had.
1. He was accused for the failure of the conquest of Lucca.
1. He was imprisoned, but he managed to turn that sentence into an exile. He took his bank with him, and all of the people followed.
2. The amount of people that left Florence was so large that the exile had to be lifted.
4. Piero de' Medici
1. Inherited the bank from his father.
1. He already had a financial overview prepared.
2. He made some people pay loans that had been outstanding that his father had just let be.
3. This made many people go bankrupt.
4. It also put a few more people on the anti-Medici side.
2. Faced the war against the Republic of Venice.
3. He continued his family's tradition of artistic patronage.
5. Lorenzo de' Medici
1. Florence flourished under his rule.
2. People in the Pazzi conspiracy attacked Lorenzo and his brother on Easter Sunday. His brother was killed, and Lorenzo was stabbed, but he escaped.
3. He later pursued a policy that attempted to  maintain peace and balance of power between northern Italian states.
6. The Albizzi and Alberti families
1. The Albizzi
2. The Alberti
Works cited:
• de' Medici, Lorenzo. "Medieval Sourcebook: Lorenzo De Medici: Paternal Advice To A Cardinal (C. 1491)."FORDHAM.EDU. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lorenzomed1.html>.
• Machiavelli, Niccolo. "Medieval Sourcebook: Niccolò Machiavelli: History of Florence: Lorence de' Medici."FORDHAM.EDU. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/machiavelli-histflo-lorenzo.html>.
• "Medici Archive: Documentary Sources." Medici Archive: Documentary Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://documents.medici.org/medici_index.cfm>.
• de' Medici, Piero. "Claremont Colleges Digital Library : Compound Object Viewer."CCDL Claremont Libraries Digital CollectionsCdm Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/irm&CISOPTR=25&REC=3>.
• de' Medici, Cosimo. "Claremont Colleges Digital Library : Compound Object Viewer."CCDL Claremont Libraries Digital CollectionsCdm Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/irm&CISOPTR=6&REC=7>.
• de' Medici, Lorenzo. "Claremont Colleges Digital Library : Compound Object Viewer." CCDL Claremont Libraries Digital CollectionsCdm Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/irm&CISOPTR=22&REC=9>.
• "House of Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici>.
• "Cosimo de' Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici>.
• "Piero di Cosimo de' Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici>.
• "Lorenzo de' Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici>.
• "Medici Bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_Bank>.

Kaplan Review pg 172

1, C
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. E
7. D
8. B
9. E
10. C
11. C
12. A
13. E
14. B
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. A

14/20

Romanticism FRQ

Please answer the following in a five paragraph academic free response: To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?


The Romantic Era was vastly different from the Enlightenment. People began to treasure their emotions, which they used the arts to express. Ideas of music, visual art, and literature were all revolutionized and started to become closer to our modern ideas in the present. Movements like Sturm und Drang made people focus the music and literature that they created more on themselves. Each person put their own thoughts and emotion into their work. They realized that nature, their own personalities, and even more all came from God. Romanticism was the start of individuality, in which people to payed a lot more attention to the arts, their emotions, and to the natural world which they understood as gifts from God; therefore, the ideas of Romanticism revolted against the ideas and industrialization of the Enlightenment because the people's lives began to shape around God as they became individuals and created their relationships with him. 


Poetry and literature in the Romantic Era showed the voices of the individuals. Lord Byron, a Romantic poet, was the first 'celebrity' type person in history; his poetry brought him fame in England. Keats was more eccentric. He was not a celebrity of his time, but his poetry spoke of nature and of things that he has realized about life and God. Because he had a childhood filled with lots of death, he truly appreciated life and realized the beauty of it. The literature of the Romantic period is different from that of any other period, and it is also different within it itself. Writers spoke their voice, shared what they had learned with the world, and spoke of the beauty of God's creation. 


The Romantic music is easily identified. Listeners can feel the emotions in the piece, which is vastly different from the Classical music. Romantic music has lots of drastic dynamics and changes of tempo, leaving the listener now knowing what will come next. Composers like Beethoven and Brahms were like the founders of modern music with their great innovations. Symphonies that we hear today still follow Beethoven's style. Without him, the transition to Romantic music would not have been possible. The new ideas in the music of the Romantic era showed the styles and thoughts of each individual. These individuals 

Outline Redone

Thesis:
Even though adversaries worked against them, the Medici had a prominent rule in Florence beginning with Cosimo and ending with Lorenzo during the Italian Renaissance because the they were not arrogant and they did not take their position for granted as they founded and maintained Europe's most prosperous bank; however, when subsequent Medici rulers did in fact start to stray from the usual fairness and started reaching too far into the pockets of the people and the church, the powerful bank collapsed -- along with the Medici rule.   
Definitions:
Dynasty- A line of hereditary rulers in a country. (Oxford)
Duchy- The territory of a Duke or Duchess; a dukedom. (Oxford)
Humanism- A Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought. (Oxford)
Double-entry bookkeeping system- A set of rules for recording financial information in a financial accounting system in which every transaction or event changes at least two different nominal ledger accounts. (Wikipedia)
The Albizzi- A Florentine family originally based in Arezzo, who were rivals of the Medici and Alberti families
The Alberti- A wealthy Florentine merchant banking family that was influential in European politics in the second half of the 14th century and notable for its patronage f the arts and beneficence toward the poor. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Cosimo de' Medici- The first of the Medici political dynasty, de factorulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance. (Wikipedia)
Piero de' Medici- the de facto ruler of Florence from 1464 to 1469, during the Italian Renaissance. (Wikipedia)  
Lorenzo de' Medici- an Italian statesman and de facto uler of the Florentine republic during the Italian Renaissance. (Wikipedia)
De Facto-
-In fact, or in effect, whether by right or not. Often contrasted with de jure. (Oxford)
-A Latin expression that means "by [the] fact." In law, it means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but without being officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure (which means "concerning the law") when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique that are found in the common experience as created or developed without or contrary to a regulation.  (Wikipedia)
Outline:
1. How the dynasty came to be/origins
1.  
1. They started out being far less notable than most families in Italy of the time, even less notable that the Albizzi.
2. They were connected to one of the more elite families through a marriage, which gave them a central position.
3. Some members of the family rose to prominence in the 14th century due to wool trade.
4. The Medici were involved in a plot in 1400, which ended in the banning of Medici family members from Florentine politics for 20 years.
1. Two members of the family were excused from this. One of them, Averardo de' Medici, started the Medici dynasty. 
1. Averardo was not a very successful business man or banker.
2. People leading up to the Medici dynasty
1. Averardo de' Medici's son was Giovanni di Bicci
1. Giovanni started the Medici bank, and gained more wealth for the family.
2. He became one of the richest men in Florence.
3. He never held a real political position, but he gained a lot of like and respect for his family.
4. Giovanni was trained by his uncle, who, unlike his father, was a more prominent banker and was good with business.
2. Giovanni's son was Cosimo, who became the unofficial head of state.
2. The Medici bank
1. Started by Giovanni di Bicci and is usually stated to be founded in 1397.
1. Largest and most respected bank in Europe during its prime.
1. The bank is known for improving the general ledger system through the development of double entry system of tracking credits and debits.
2. There was even a time when the currency issued by the Medici became the preferred currency in Europe.
1. Even though Giovanni started the bank and became very respected, he did not become head of state; his son did.
2. The bank really started to become more successful in 1397, when Giovanni separated his bank from his nephew.
1. They moved to Florence.
2. The Alberti, however, were a very large family there and had a lot of control over the Catholic Church's business.
3. The Alberti soon were banished, however, which created a sort of void.
4. More branches of the bank began to open.
5. They soon began prospering, and even more branches were opened!
6. When Giovanni died, the bank was smoothly passed into the hands of Cosimo. Not much was disrupted.
3. Cosimo de' Medici
1. His character/things he did
1. Because Florence liked the idea of their being a democracy, Cosimo pretended to have little political ambition and  did not often hold a public office.
1. Despite this, he did have plentiful wealth, which he used to control voting.
2. The other leading families in Florence, like the Albizzi and the Strozzi, felt threatened by the power he had.
1. He was accused for the failure of the conquest of Lucca.
1. He was imprisoned, but he managed to turn that sentence into an exile. He took his bank with him, and all of the people followed.
2. The amount of people that left Florence was so large that the exile had to be lifted.
4. Piero de' Medici
1. Inherited the bank from his father.
1. He already had a financial overview prepared.
2. He made some people pay loans that had been outstanding that his father had just let be.
3. This made many people go bankrupt.
4. It also put a few more people on the anti-Medici side.
2. Faced the war against the Republic of Venice.
3. He continued his family's tradition of artistic patronage.
5. Lorenzo de' Medici
1. Florence flourished under his rule.
2. People in the Pazzi conspiracy attacked Lorenzo and his brother on Easter Sunday. His brother was killed, and Lorenzo was stabbed, but he escaped.
3. He later pursued a policy that attempted to  maintain peace and balance of power between northern Italian states.
6. The Albizzi and Alberti families
Sources:
Primary:
• de' Medici, Lorenzo. "Medieval Sourcebook: Lorenzo De Medici: Paternal Advice To A Cardinal (C. 1491)."FORDHAM.EDU. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/lorenzomed1.html>.
• Machiavelli, Niccolo. "Medieval Sourcebook: Niccolò Machiavelli: History of Florence: Lorence de' Medici."FORDHAM.EDU. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/machiavelli-histflo-lorenzo.html>.
• "Medici Archive: Documentary Sources." Medici Archive: Documentary Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://documents.medici.org/medici_index.cfm>.
• de' Medici, Piero. "Claremont Colleges Digital Library : Compound Object Viewer."CCDL Claremont Libraries Digital CollectionsCdm Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/irm&CISOPTR=25&REC=3>.
• de' Medici, Cosimo. "Claremont Colleges Digital Library : Compound Object Viewer."CCDL Claremont Libraries Digital CollectionsCdm Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/irm&CISOPTR=6&REC=7>.
• de' Medici, Lorenzo. "Claremont Colleges Digital Library : Compound Object Viewer." CCDL Claremont Libraries Digital CollectionsCdm Collections. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/irm&CISOPTR=22&REC=9>.
Secondary:
• "House of Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Medici>.
• "Cosimo de' Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici>.
• "Piero di Cosimo de' Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici>.
• "Lorenzo de' Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici>.
• "Medici Bank - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici_Bank>.