Notes 3/15- Age of Realpolitik

• Crimean war
• Napoleon III
• This war starts because Napoleon II and the Turks butt heads over trying to grant safety areas in the Holy lands
• Florence Nightingale
• Nurse during the Crimean War
• She discovered that more soldiers were dying from disease than wounds
• Nightingale's "Light Brigade" superbly tended to wounded men during the war, although fatalities due to disease remained high. 
• Second French republic
• Constitution: unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly elected president of the republic
• Universal male suffrage
• President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness
• Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes-- church, army, property-owners, and business. 
• Second French Empire
• Emperor Napoleon III: took control of government in coup d'etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year
• Baron Georges von Haussmann
• Infrastructure: railroads, canals, roads; redeveloped
• Syllabus of Errors
• Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors (1864), condemning liberalism
• Italian unification
• King Victor Emmanuel 
• First King of Italy
• Falloux Law
• Louis Napoleon returned control of education to the church (in return for its support) 
• Minimized influence of the legislative assembly
• Supported policies favorable to the army
• Disenfranchised many poor people from voting
• Destroyed the democratic-socialist movement by jailing or exile its leaders and closing down labor unions
• "Liberal empire"
• Bu initiating a series of reforms
• Napoleon III's rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe
• Demonstrated how government could reconcile popular and conservative forces through authoritarian nationalism. 
• Count Cavour
• Served as King Victor Emmanuel's prime minister between 1852 and 1861
• Essentially a moderate nationalist and aristocratic liberal
• The law on convents and Siccardi Law
• Sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church
• "Il Risorgimento" 
• A newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the foundation of a new unified Italy. 
• Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red shirts
• liberated southern Italy and Sicily
• "Humiliation of Olmutz"
• 1849, Austria had blocked the attempt of Frederick William IV of Prussia to unify Germany "from above"
• Zollverein
• German customs union, 1734
• Kleindeutsch plan
• Otto von Bismark
• led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern Germany
• Junker background; obsessed with power
• 'Gap Theory'
• gained Bismark's favor with the king
• "Blood and iron"
• Prussian-Danish War, 1863
• Austro-Prussian War, 1866
• Reichstag
• German parliament
• The parliament consisted of two houses that shared power equally
• Bundestag
• The lower house of the reichstag
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Ausgleich

• Realpolitik was the political manifestation of 'realism'