Notes 3/1

• 1848- Political revolts
• The development of new national constitutions throughout Europe
• The Junkers 
• Prussian nationalists who thought that Prussia was better off without the rest of Germany and Austria
•  Austrian secret police and spies could be found in many of the Italian principalities that were not under direct Austrian control
• Naples- had been taken into France's possession
• So there were underground nationalist movements in Italy that wanted to expel the Austrians and the Franks. 
• Carbonari was one of these movements
• Joseph Mazzini was the spokesperson for Italian nationalism and he organized Young Italy
• Mazzini- his reign only last for a couple months
• the pope then gathers French forces to clear out Mazzini
• which is exactly the thing that Mazzini was saying is the problem with the pope
• This is the end of the revolution thingy in Italy
• in 1848, the splitting apart of Austria
• The east politically separates and formalizes itself as Hungary
• Slavs who are anti-German
• Slavs revolt in 1848 after the congress in Prague
• King Ferdinand of Austria sends in troops and shuts down the congress