Thesis about the Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht after the Spanish Succession was trying to do good and balance power out, but it ended up giving a lot more power to England, with lots of control over trade and power over the New World, and this ensured that they would stay a dominant power in Europe.

Notes 12/14- review

• Capitalism as we know it did not exist yet int he time of Machiavelli
• 1483-1546 Martin Luther became an Augustinian monk
• Led an attack on the issue of the sale of indulgences
• 1517- Posted the 95 thesis and began the german protestant reformation
• The ethic of Calvinism was the ethic of Self control
• Calvin put for the idea that the overwhelming majority of human beings are damned
• Geneva Switzerland becomes the Calvinist stronghold
• In France the Calvinists are known as Huguenots 
• Council of Trent: 1546
• 30 years war- 1618-1648
• 1555- peace of Augsburg brought an end to the religious wars
• The princes got to chose which religion their principality followed
• The thirty years war began in bohemia. In 1617 when ferdinand II became king of Bohemia the peace shattered, and the bohemian protestants feared that he would make bohemia catholic again
• Cardinal Richelieu declares war on spain
• the treaty of Westphalia
• Guise- a powerful catholic family in france with tues both to henry and the Spanish crown
• The Huguenots appealed for better treatment
• War broke out
• Henry agrees to convert to catholicism and in exchange he gets to issue the edict of nantes which grants an amount of tolerance to protestantism
• the successors of Henry IV they continually try to weaken the edict of nantes
• William of Orange
• Fought against the tyranny of Philip
• At the same time the scots rebel against mary queen of scots
•  nary was catholic and was supported by spain

• Tycho Brahe 
• Edmund Haley
• Isaac Newton
• MIDTERM LEARN ABOUT THESE DUDES (scientific revolution) ^^^ and below

• John Locke- 
• Francis Bacon
• Thomas Hobbes 
• Wrote Leviathan 
• Leibmiz spinoza 

• Witchcraft- many Christian Europeans regarded witchcraft with suspicion but they lived with it, but that change in the 17th century 
• Kramer and Springer

Notes 12/13- Louis XIV

• Louis XIV
• Called the Sun King
• Trying to have universal sovereignty 
• Charlie II of Spain dies and he does not have an heir
• Gave the throne to Phillip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson, 
• The Grand alliance- Holland, Austria, The Principality of Brandenburg, and the Italian Duchy of Savoy
• The War of the Spanish Succession- 1701-1713
• 1713- France and the Grand Alliance signed the Treaty of Utrecht
• Will create a new balance of power in Europe that will last over the next 30 years.
• France- Louis' grandson, Phillip V was allowed to remain king of Spain as long as the two countries do not unite, and France can keep Alsace
• The English get naval bases in Gibraltar
• They take over the slave trade in Spain
• Austria- 
• The Duke of Savoy- 
• Is given Sicily, and becomes King of Sicily
• In 1720, he grows tired of Sicily
• He trades with Austria to get Sardinia and gives them Sicily 
• Brandenburg  elector- 
• Becomes the King of Prussia

The Dutch Republic

In 17th century Europe, the Dutch republic began to make some changes from the 'normal' way to run a country. While most countries around them were absolutists, the Dutch created a republic. The Dutch also were tolerant of many religions, unlike many neighboring countries, creating a safe and comfortable place for many people to come and live. The Dutch republic was able to become the most successful country in Europe because they let go of absolutism and instead created a republic that provided the most stable economy in Europe, religious toleration, and the highest living standards in all of Europe.

The government system in The Dutch Republic was exceedingly different from other governments at that time. They would not allow for a centralized leader, but instead had elected stadholders that governed each province. While these people were technically representatives that were ‘in charge,’ the middle class people of The Dutch Republic were very, very powerful and never let the stadholders get out of hand. Many provinces, in fact, all picked the same man; William of Orange was chosen by six out of seven of the provinces, and went on to try to centralize the power to himself. The powerful merchant class, however, prevented this from occurring. A republic ensured that the people received what they needed, because they were practically in charge, and it also was relaxed enough that it let them focus on other more important things, like the future of the country. The government that was formed was one of the many things that the made The Dutch Republic stand out and excel in the 17^th century.

            The Dutch republic was a comfort zone to many refugees fleeing from other countries. These people fled from a lack of religious toleration in their home land, which was abundant in The Dutch Republic. Sometimes the Republic even offered incentives to some religious groups, and when one religion found safety there, others soon followed. The sudden raises in population meant more money for the republic, which was an instant boost for their success.

            All of these policies and more provided a relaxing and calm place for many. The Dutch Republic was well rounded and successful in many other areas, including agriculture and their money system. The economy of the Dutch was the most stable in all of Europe; yet another factor drawing people towards it. They had successful banks and a widespread currency, and yet still managed to make decent amounts of money. Every single aspect of the republic seemed to draw more and more people.

            It was these differences that led to the success of the Dutch Republic. If they were not so different from the brutal conditions of other European countries, then there would be no need to move there. The Dutch Republic was a safe house that offered everything that other countries could not, and this is what gave it the best reputation in all of Europe. 

Free Response Essay Number 1, except better

  "Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"

In the 16th and 17th centuries, a scientific revolution took place in Europe. Galileo Galilee, one of the scientists at the time is now sometimes referred to as 'the father of science,' but was not always regarded quite as well. Galileo was put on trial and the cardinals of the catholic church said that Galileo was "suspected of heresy" and he was condemned to be put under house arrest for the rest of his life. The view of the authorities during the scientific revolution are astoundingly different from our views today. In fact, they only restricted Galileo and his research because of fear. They feared loss of power or control, because the ideas that Galileo came up with, that we now know to be true, were too radical for the church, and they questioned their teachings. If the authorities of the 16th and 17th centuries had not feared and questioned Galileo's ideas, such as heliocentrism, he would have had so much more freedom to make discoveries without having to keep an eye on the thoughts of the church, and had he had more adequate equipment available, the entire course of life, even up to today, would have been changed from the brilliance of Galileo.

The time in which Galileo lived was one that was very difficult in which to stray from the norm. The church and government had the control over the people, and were very strict judges of what the people did. As one can then imagine, scientific research was a very controversial subject. Many things researched in the scientific field were against what the church taught, and therefore against the government as well. When Galileo went against the church's teachings and taught his ideas to others, the church feared that people would believe it. If people did in fact believe, the church would be at risk of losing power. For example, Galileo came up with the idea of heliocentrism, meaning that the sun is the center of the universe. It had previously been thought that the sun revolved around the Earth. When the church heard this, that was the final straw and they accused Galileo of being a heretic and he was sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. It is apparent that if Galileo wanted to continue to be permitted to perform his research, he had to be cautious of the authority's watchful eye.

Other restriction's on Galileo's work included the tools and techniques available at that time. In modern times there is much more developed machinery, capable of doing so much more than what was even imagined in the time of Galileo. His brilliant mind, had it been born into this century, would be able to do so much with these advances. If he was able to use the meager resources he had to create things that we still use today, then imagine what he would have been able to do with all of the amazing equipment available now? He would make even more mountain moving discoveries. Galileo, in fact, was one of the people of his time that created unheard of tools. He created the telescope, a device still used by scientists and astronomers everywhere. Not only is it used by all of these people, but it is a basic, everyday thing to us now. It is strange to think that something so outlandish in the old days is just the norm for people today.

When one thinks of the time in which Galileo lived, they feel as though they cannot relate to it at all. Old times, old people, old ways; that has nothing to do with them, right? This is what most people believe, and while it is true that times have much changed since then, it is not as much as they think. Things that people did back then is the foundation of life for humanity today. Galileo is just one example of the past affecting the present, and if perhaps he had simply lived in another time period or country his restrictions would be gone and humans would know so much more today.

Galileo wasn't called the "Father of Science" for nothing. He mattered a lot, and in fact, he was one of the most important people in the scientific revolution. He was the father, the creator of what humans build upon today, what humans continue to create from. Galileo is an incredible example of something old and new at the same time. His work and ways showcased the thoughts and beliefs of people in his time period, but also showed the future. If he had been given the chance to work with the technology today and live in this world with lots more freedom, he would still just be making unfathomable discoveries that would serve as the groundwork for the generations of the future.

Google Maps

Mr. Wojo, I was not here on Friday which is why it was posted late.
http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=118416196644059539990.0004964676298c29bf6bd&ll=51.511787,-0.103083&spn=0.029486,0.077162&t=k&z=14


View Great Fire of London in a larger map

Notes 12/9-Louis XIV

• The Sun King
• He wants to get out of the country
• Regents or intendants are the people who help the young kings
• Edict of Nantes- gave religious freedom to the Huguenots
• Louis XIV revokes that so the Huguenots move somewhere else. 
• France had become the most powerful at the end of the 30 years war
• The Spanish Holdings

How to grade the essay

An 8 or 9-

• A clear, well developed thesis
• Supported with considerable, relevant historical information

5-7

• A partially developed thesis supported with some relevant historical information

2-4

• A confused and unfocused thesis. 

If you have no thesis, it is an automatic zero.

** if you want a 5 on the exam, each free response must be higher than a 6. 

Free Response Practice Test Number 1

                "Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"

Galileo Galilei was 'the father of science,' as said by many. While he did make an unbelievable amount of discoveries and change so many concepts of his time, he was held back by many things. His discoveries showed a glimpse of what the future of Europe would look like, but the restrictions he had also were a perfect example of what life was like in his time. For example, he did not have the much technology available in order to make discoveries, and he had to stay cautious of the government and the church to make sure that they approved of his ideas. If Galileo lived in our modern times, he would have had much more space and freedom allowing his brilliant mind to change the world, which is a perfect example how restricted life was in his own time. 

The time in which Galileo lived was one that was very difficult in which to stray from the norm. The church and government had the control over the people, and were very strict judges of what the people did. As you can then imagine, scientific research was a very controversial subject. Many things researched in the scientific field were against what the church taught, and therefore against the government as well. If Galileo wanted to continue to be permitted to perform his research, he had to be cautious of the authority's watchful eye. Other restriction's on Galileo's work included the tools and techniques available at that time. Obviously, in modern times we have much more developed machinery, capable of doing so much more than what was even imagined in the time of Galileo. His brilliant mind, if it had been born into this century, would be able to do so much with these advances. If he was able to do so much with the meager resources he had in the old days and was able to create things that we still use today, then imagine what he would have been able to do with all of the amazing things we have today? He would make even more mountain moving discoveries. 

When one thinks of the time in which Galileo lived, they feel as though they cannot relate to it at all. Old times, old people, old ways; that has nothing to do with them, right? This is what most people believe, and while it is true that times have much changed since then, it is not as much as they think. Galileo's discoveries, for example, are still very frequently used today. Take a look at the telescope. Astronomers and scientists all over the world still use this groundbreaking invention. To some, it seems to be a basic part of life, something not too special, but then think of this: it was created centuries ago, by a scientist who had the restrictions of the church and state to work around, and a great lack of resources. Not so simple then, is it? When pondering the brilliance of Galileo, one must take into consideration the time period in which he worked.

Galileo's telescope is just one of the many things he gifted to the world. Many of these things are not only still being used, but built upon. We now have many kinds of telescopes available, ones that Galileo could never have created in his time, though he had the mind to be able to. His mind plus modern technology would have equaled unbelievable advances not yet dreamed of, just like what people felt in his time. His inventions may have seemed strange or useless to some people of his time and he and his inventions may even have seemed crazy. However, they showed an glimpse of what the future would be like far beyond their time. The outstanding accomplishments of his time made the basics of our world today. Without people in history making these kinds of advances, we would have no base to build on in modern times. We cannot do it without them.

Galileo wasn't called the "Father of Science" for nothing. He mattered a lot, and in fact, he started a whole scientific revolution. He was the father, the creator of what we build upon today, what we continue to create from. Galileo is an incredible example of something old and new at the same time. His work and ways showcased the thoughts and beliefs of people in his time period, but also showed the future. If he had been given the chance to work with our technology today, he would still just be making unfathomable discoveries that would serve as the ground for the generations of the future. 

Notes 12/3- France

• France
• Late 16th through early 18th cent.
• 1598 King Henry IV of France
• Issued Edict of Nantes
• Granted religious toleration to the French Huguenots
• Established Henry IV as a politique
• Nobility was exempt from paying taxes
• Caused tax problems
• Henry IV appoints Duke of Sully
•  Makes the tax system more efficient
• Nobility decided to give money in exchange for prestigious positions in the government; rather than pay taxes
• Called the Nobility of the Robe
• 1610: Henry IV is assassinated
• From the family of the House of Bourbon
• One of the greatest families of France
• His son, Louis XIII becomes king
• He is only nine years old
• Cardinal Richelieu becomes Chief Minister, most important regent
• 1624-1642: Richelieu is in charge of France
• Goal: strengthen the royal power in France
• A politique
• Put politics ahead of religion
• His heart is with the king of france and not with the pope
• Wanted to knock down the up-and-coming nobles
• Divides france into 32 segments
• Noble in charge was replaced by superintendent
• Usually  middle class people
• They would be more loyal because they have a position of power
• Thought it was important to limit habsburg power
• Supports the Protestants in the 30 years war
• They are against the Habsburgs
• He doesn't want them to become more powerful
• Example of politique
• 1642: Richelieu dies and Louis XIII also 
• Louis XIII had a son, Louis XIV
• Louis XIV comes to the throne at the age of 5
• Known as the sun king
• He will be one of the most famous and dominant people in French history
• His chief minister is named Cardinal Mazarin
• Rebellion starts breaking out
• Frondes
• Caused Louis XIV to leave Paris
• Grows up with a resentment towards these people
• Bishop Bossuet
• Theorized the Divine Right of Kings
• The principal architect of the idea of absolutism in the 17th century
• Louis XIV says "I am the state."
• He is an absolute monarch
• Did not share power with a parliament like in England
• Divine right
• Increased power and authority of Richelieu's intendants 
• Power of the nobility goes down
• Nobility must owe their allegiance to the king
• Nobility is stuck below Louis XIV
• Versailles describes the personality of Louis XIV
• Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Appointed by Louis XIV to be the minister of France
• Instituted the practice of mercantilism
• More exports than imports
• government control over the economy
• France had a major colony in the New World, Quebec
• Encourages the Fur Trade in Canada
• 1685: France has a population of 19 million
• 1 million are Huguenots
• Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes
• Closes all protestant Churches and forces them all to convert
• French working class was very heavy Huguenot
• 200,000 French working class leave the country

Mercantilism

More government control 

more exports than imports

WOOT!

I got exactly 50 right! 29 wrong...

Second part of the scary test

48. Prince Henry the Navigator

49. Christopher Columbus

50. Columbian Exchange

51. Corn, disease

52. Mercantilism

53. Joint stock company

54. Protestant (?)

55. True

56. (Dutch city that was europe's financial system)

57. East India Trading Compan

58. No

59. (Dutch Artists)

60. The Middle Class

61. The House of Lords

62. Anglican

63. Stuart

64. Presbyterian 

65. 1603-1625

66. Divine Right of Kings

67. Puritans

68. The Petition of Rights

69. William Laud

70. Scotland

71. Cavaliers, or Royalists

72. The Roundheads

73. Oliver Cromwell

74. ?

75. Lord Protector

76. ?

77. .......

78. ?

79. Thomas Hobbes

The test that I am super scared for and may fail but i hope not because I studied.

1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Theses
3. (what city in germany that martin luther saw someone selling indulgences)
4. (building in Rome that money went to from indulgences)
5. FREEBIE- (October 31, 1517)
6. Faith
7. The bible 
8. ?
9. (Who did the German peasants originally support in the peasants war?) 
10. True
11. The German nobility
12. Protestantism?? 
13. Catholic
14. The treaty of Augsburg
15. He was a religious revolutionary because he disagreed with some ideas and practices of the church so he went against it and protested, for example, posting the 95 theses. 
16. He was a political conservative because he wanted  people to follow their leader even if he was cruel or unfair.
17. John Calvin
18. ?
19. FREEBIE
20. Huguenots
21. Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Puritans
24. Pope Giuliano(?)  Medici
25. Council of Worms
26. False, that was the Council of Trent
27. (Name of the Catholic bible???)
28. (I forget the first name) Loyola(?)
29. I don't know
30. 16th century
31. ? (artist)
32. Phillip II
33. The Spanish Armada
34. The Saint Bartholomew's day massacre
35. Edict of Nantes(?)
36. 300
37. Peace of Augsburg
38. Protestant Union
39. The Catholic League
40. Catholic
41. Catholic
42. Catholic league: Ferdinand II
    Protestant: Frederick
43. Gustavus Adolphus
44. Treaty/Peace of Westphalia
45. Alsace 
46. Germany?
47. France

Notes 11/18

• The divine right of kings: they don’t have to follow the laws: Absolute power. They are divinely appointed

• Ireland erupted.. apparently..
• There were people being killed all over Ireland in terrible ways, and the people were claiming that it was the king's orders. 

• 1603- End of the Tudor line, beginning of the stuart line. 
• James was a believer in divine kings. 
• He fought and quarreled with puritan people
• Charles I ia also a firm believer in the divine right of Kings. 
• Also, like his father, he is a supporter of the Anglican church and against the Puritans, and is also in need of money
• He signs the petition of right, so that in return for grants of money he signs a law saying that:
• No one should be compelled to pay any tax or loan without the specific approval of parliament
• No one can be put into prison without the due process of law. 
• Religion was the most explosive issue in the 17th century
• with Charles' encouragement, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury wants to tun the church of England into a Catholic church that doesn't follow the pope.
• the prayerbook riot
• Charles is desperate to raise money to fight the war against the Scots. 
• Charles reluctantly calls parliament back in 1640
• They execute William Laud

REMEMBER

• Elizabeth I died in 1603, and James Stuart ruled after her. She was the last of the Tudor monarchs.
• James Stuart was also James VI of Scotland and James I of England. 
• He ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland. 

Notes 11/16

• English civil war: the family in charge of the monarchy were the STUARTS. not Stewarts. 
• Oliver Cromwell: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_cromwell
• Background knowledge on Puritans: 
• The puritans declared war on any signs of Romanism(??) in the church. 
• Nobody noticed that Charles was married to a catholic. 

DBQ format quiz

1. What is the range of scores one can recieve for a DBQ?
   From 0-9.
   
2. If  a DBQ answer does not have a thesis statement, what is the highest score you can get?
   The highest score you can get is a 4.
   
3. If you have 12 documents, what is the bare minimum of documents you must cite in your DBQ?
   You must use seven of them.
   
4. Explain what 'bias' is.
   When the writer already has a preference for one side of an argument before reading the documents or writing the essay.
   
5. Explain what these folks mean by 'groupings.'
   
   
6. Lets say that you are citing document five. Write out what the citation would look like if you are citing document five.
   (Document 5)
   

Notes 11/12

• The Hapsburg's want to reverse the protestant gains in the holy roman empire
• France was most interested that Germany itself had a strong cohesive political hold that it could trade with and such
• All that mattered to them was that they had stable neighbors. 
• The French monarchy supported the protestants even though France was Catholic
• In Denmark and Sweden, they are Lutheran, and support the protestants in the Holy Roman Empire. 
• In 1618 war breaks out between the protestant union and the Catholic League. It is called the 30 years war
• Phase one of the war- 1618-1625- the Bohemian phase- began as a civil war between the catholics and protestants in Bohemia, Germany. Catholic was lead by Ferdinand II and the protestants were lead by Frederick V
• Ferdinand's forces win, and the Hapsburg's and the catholics take control of Bohemia
• The Danish phase- 1625-1629- King Christian IV of Denmark intervened to help support the protestants. 
• Christian IV is the Lutheran ruler of Denmark
• It was Christian IV(protestant) against Albert of Wallenstein(Catholic side)
• Wallenstein kicks butt
• He destroys the protestant forces
• The Edict of Restitution, issued by Ferdinand
• Phase three, the Swedish phase- 1630-1635- 
• The protestants are freaked out because they have now lost two rounds to the catholics. 
• The protestants, their dutch allies, and their French allies, turn to Gustavus Adolphus(King of Sweden)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus
• He defeats Wallenstein's forces
• He defeats the catholics in a series of battles which prevents them from being able to unify.... something that i didn't hear. 
• Phase four- The French phase- 1635-1648- 
• Gustavus Adolphus dies, and France sees that the protestants really need reinforcements now because they don't have the Swedish to help them. So the French come in. 
• Westphalia 1648
• All of the parties involved say that they need to come to a conclusion, they cannto continue the bloodshed
• So representatives meet. 
• Each of the independent German principalities received the right to conduct its own peace treaties and have its own diplomacy with countries
• The rulers were allowed to establish religion in their own areas, and Calvinism was accepted
• The independence of the Dutch republic
• The neutrality of Switzerland- they are a neutral country and will not go to war
• The French annexed Alsace. 
•  As many of one third of the German speaking people died, either from war or disease in the 30 years war. 
• The treaty of Westphalia does nothing to unify Germany. It remains fragmented
• If there was a winner to this, it would be France
• France will be the dominant power in Europe
• Exploration:
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomew Diaz 
• Vasco dagama 
• Pedro Cabral

• Goa
• Malacca
• Macao(china)
  
• Christopher Columbus
• Hernando Cortez
• The Aztecs
• Fransisco Peizarro

• Turkeys were introduced to Europe from the new world
• Also potatoes
• Also corn
• Also tomatoes
• Also peanuts
• Also tobacco
• Also vanilla and chocolate

• Europeans brought diptheria 
• and smallpox and 
• coffee
• cain sugar
• rice
• wheat

Notes 11/11- from emily

• Spain 17th Century
  • The Wars of King Phillip the Second
  • King Charles the V gave up the throne in mid 16th century
  • He gave many territories in Austria and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand
  • He left his son Phillip Spain, Netherlands, and many other countries in Europe (western countries)
  • Phillip II now king of Spain wants to enlarge the power and prestige of Spain
  • He is catholic
  • He has a plan to defeat the Ottoman Turks
  • The Ottomans were the controlling family in Turkey
  • He battles the Turkish forces in the battle of Lepanto in 1571
  • Spanish defeat the Turks in this battle
  • This is really the battle that gives Philip lots of prestige as a Catholic warrior
  • Phillip II cam to the throne when Spain was in control of the Netherlands
  • So it was under Catholic control
  • Phillip coming to power, imposed the inquisition over all of Spain including the Netherlands
  • Basically an attempt by Catholic church to run out heretics and convert Jews and Protestants
  • They did this by force, threat, torture, and execution
  • When the inquisition was imposed there was many rebellions and protests
  • The Duke of Alva  was sent out by Phillip with 20,000 troops and they rounded people up in the Netherlands  to be executed
  • This caused the Netherlands people to revolt against Phillip and all of Spain
  • The of Duke of Alva's action resulted in people protesting and becoming Calvinists in protest against Phillip instead of becoming Catholic
  • Phillip saw that the Duke's tactics weren't working
  • So he sent out the Duke of Parma
    • He was more of a diplomat
    • He smoothed over the situation
    • He settles down the revolts in the Netherlands
    • But he couldn't convince everybody
    • 1581: the Dutch formally declared independence from the Spanish occupation
    • 1581-1609 war occurs in Netherlands
    • Netherlands basically splits in two, north is Calvinists; the south is Catholics
    • The north breaks away from Spain (the Dutch), the south sticks with Spain
  • Then England sees what the Spanish are doing and they are worried about Spain invading England
  • So the queen openly helps the Dutch, she gives them money, troops, and lets privateers raid and attack Spanish ships
  • Phillip is absolutely outraged by the English getting involved so he organizes the Armada to go against England
  • The armada is a great fleet of ships
  • Phillip wants to take over England, kill Elizabeth 1, make himself king, and make English Catholic
  • The Armada consisted of 130 ships, only 67 make it back to Spain
  • The English navy completely dominates the Spain
  • The English have smaller lighter ships and are able to dominate Spain who encounters bad weather, the Spanish ships aren't used to that bad weather, the English are
  • Half of the Spanish navy was taken down in ONE battle
  • HUGE REPRECUSSIONS FOR SPAIN
  • THE SPANISH NEVER RECOVER FROM THIS, NEVER
  • This begins a long decline for Spain's power and influence
  • THE SPANISH'S POWER DECLINES WHILE THE ENGLISH'S PRESTIGE RISES
  • This was in the 1580s (the Armada)

• The 17th century is a great time to be Dutch
  • The Dutch were able to strive because Spain had been beaten by England
  • Since Spain lost, this leaves room for England to take over colonization in the New World
  • England gained all the better areas in colonization
  • The Northeast of America was timberland and it was really useful to the England

• France
  • There was an alliance between the French royalty and the Pope
  • In 1516: it was made official with the Concordat of Bologna
  • The Pope says that France gets to have its own French bishops
  • It meant that the French would have a huge say in things in the Catholic Church
  • This was beneficial for the Pope and for the French King
  • There were Huguenots in France which were Calvinists or Protestants
  • 1/10 of the population in France was Huguenots
  • 2/5 and 1/2 of the French nobility became Huguenots
    • They may have done this because in Germany (to the east) the Protestant Reformation was going on
  • Religion and politics was huge during the reformation era
  • 1572: St. Bartholomew's day Massacre
    • Charles the IX's mother was Katherine de Medici from Italy
    • With the support of the Medici family, the ST. Bartholomew's day Massacre was carried out
    • Thousands of Huguenots had come to Paris for the wedding of Henry Navarre and Margaret of Valwa
    • The followers of Henry and then the Huguenots are ambushed by the Catholic people and Charles and The Catholic Church
    • Over 20,000 Huguenots died from this event
    • This starts a civil war in France which lasts 15 years between Catholics and Huguenots
    • This civil war destroys French trade, agricultural trade, and the French come to realize that if they don’t end it then France itself will fall
    • During the War a French Huguenot, Henry Navarre , rises up and becomes the leader of one of the house of nobility, the House of Bourbon which is a Huguenot house of nobility
    • House of Bourbon was the leading Huguenot house of nobility
  • 1598: Henry becomes king and issues the order of Nantes
  • He realizes h is religious hot water here
  • So he converts to Catholicism
  • Henry Navarre is a great politician, but issues this order that allowed for the free practice of Calvinism
  • Henry literally saves France

• Holy Roman Empire
  • Covered much of today's Germany and Italy and Austria
  • It was made up of principalities
  • Comprised of about 300 independent principalities
  • 1555: Peace Treaty called Peace of Augsburg (this mainly occurred in the Germany part though)
  • The treaty gives the right to each individual prince, the right to determine the religion of its principality
  • Catholic and Lutheran were the only religions that the principalities' prince could choose to be
  • They set up a structural situation where the thirty years wear is going to develop
  • IT ONLY ALLOWED FOR CATHOLICS AND LUTERANS, CALVINISTS WEREN'T ALLOWED
  • Because of this there are many unions made
  • 1608: Protestant Union is formed
  • 1609: the Catholic League is formed
  • During this time the Protestants had made lots of gains in Austria
  • The biggest dynasty was a Catholic family though

Notes 11/10- on video

• Charles I of England was the son of James VI 
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England
• James I of England=James VI of Scotland
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England
• The Gunpowder Plot
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gunpowder_Plot

• Charles is the son of James, and he continues his father's policies. He is an absolutist. 
• Civil war
• Parliament was making demands and the king refused to meet them
• Roundheads
• Cavaliers
• Peasants will always be peasants, unless the nobility decides to change this, because they are employed by the peasants. the peasants sided with the nobility because their life kind of depended on them. 
• The middle class fights again the king's side
• The king's army is supported by cavaliers, including the clergy and noble men
• The Middle class goes against. 
• Oliver Cromwell
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_cromwell

Notes 11/5

• 
  
• A few women in Renaissance: 
• Christine de Pizan- 
• A writer. 
• The first woman European to make a living as a writer
• wrote a history of famous women
• referred to today as the first feminist thinker. 
• 1365-1434
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan
• Isabella d'Este
• Born into a ruling family, the Ferrari family
• Married into a ruling family
• Known as an art patron
• Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain who sent Columbus off on his mission. 
• An example of the perfect courtly lady
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_d'Este

• Northern renaissance:
• Erasmus- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus
• a humanist
• worked on editing editions of the new testament
• his best known text is a satire called "The Praise of Folly" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly)
• Catholic, not protestant
• WRITES IN LATIN
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_De_Montaigne idk what this is but he told me to bookmark it

ahhhhh the inventing of the printing press!

October 31(Halloween!) 1517

• Martin luther goes down to the cathedral and tacks the 95 theses to the door
• Luther did not believe in church teachings, only the bible and just what it said. 
• John Calvin- Calvinism
• "was John Calvin saved from sin?" "I don't know. Apparently he was saved from the razer."
• And then rebecca said "what do you call people that are Calvinists? oh wait nevermind"

• Pope Julius II- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II
• Pope Paul III- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III
• mr wojo's quote from him that he made up: "I'll have my pudding nowwww"
• Council of Trent- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_trent
• Rejected Luther
• Called for the reform of church abuses(like indulgences)

Notes 11/4-

• Baroque period- Baroque music, baroque art, etc
• These type of music and art relate to each other
• Bernini- created the Piazza in the front of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. 
• Things in the baroque period are beautiful when they are separate, but when you put it together, it sounds(or looks) beautiful and full and whole. 
• Baroque design- ornament
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music

Machiavelli "The Prince" Questions

1.
Some of the people of Machiavelli’s time who were honorable people that he wrote about had qualities that, if they were alive today, would probably make them very successful in certain categories of business.

Cesare Borgia would probably do the best in a company that was worldwide, fighting for the top.  He would succeed greatly if this company had factories and plants all over the world, distributing to all the people of Earth. “He was never esteemed more highly than when everyone saw that he was complete master of his own forces.” (Chapter XIII) Cesare Borgia was a person that would get what he wanted, and with the entire world at his fingertips, his business would be very successful. “Cesare Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding, his cruelty reconciled the Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty.” (Chapter XVII) His cruelty could also be a key to success, like so many business men today. Sometimes one must be cruel in order to succeed, and his would cause no hesitation for Cesare.

Oliverotto da Ferno was trained in strength and fighting as a young child. All he wanted to do was “attain some high position in the military profession,” so he would be very successful in some organization such as the mafia. He was willing to kill anyone, even his guardian who raised him, to get what he wanted. “No sooner were they seated than soldiers issued from secret places and slaughtered Giovanni and the rest. After these murders Oliverotto, mounted on horseback, rode up and down the town and besieged the chief magistrate in the palace, so that in fear the people were forced to obey him, and to form a government, of which he made himself the prince.” (Chapter VIII) He would have to problem in ascending to the top in an organization like the mafia.

Ramiro d’Orco is described as “a swift and cruel man.” (Chapter VII) When he was given power, he “restored peace and unity with the greatest success.” (Chapter VII) He seemed to be very in control of what he was doing, and also very clever and able to succeed in what he was doing. I think that Ramiro would do best if he were in control of a chain store. He would easily be able to control and oversee what was going on in all of his stores. He would be sly and clever and keep up on the latest trends and deals, and would quickly be able to beat out his opponents.

2. 
When one thinks of allies, they usually think of neighboring or powerful countries that a prince would want to be allied with. While these bonds can be extremely helpful, there is one much more important than that. A prince’s greatest ally is his people. Without his people backing him up, the prince can never accomplish anything. If the people, for example, tried to revolt, or got upset with him, then there would be nothing that he can do about it. Machiavelli says “One who becomes a prince through the favour of the people ought to keep them friendly,” because if the people became riled up his reign could be destroyed and they could overthrow him, just by the amount of people that they have (Chapter XIX). However, destroying the prince’s reign is not all that his people can do. They can either make it or break it. If the prince were to go to war or had an instance where he needed a large force backing him up, his people would be right there behind him; but only if he kept on good terms with them. Machiavelli reveals that “by arming them [the people], those arms become yours, those men who were distrusted become faithful, and those who were faithful are kept so, and your subjects become your adherents.” (Chapter XX) Machiavelli is explaining that some princes are afraid to give weapons to their people just in case the people decide to rise up against him. However, on the other hand some princes do give weapons to their people, because as long as the prince keeps them on his good side, those weapons and people are his during battle. By doing good things for your people, giving them things they want, their loyalty will stay with you. While the prince must be careful not to give too much of a good thing to his people, keeping them under control but happy is very important.

3.
It is a very delicate matter to figure out when to be generous, and when to be not so generous. Generosity is a good and admired quality, but a prince does not want to be too generous, or he may squander away his kingdom. On the other hand, the prince also does nto want to be considered cruel or mean. “…I say that it would be well to be reputed liberal. Nevertheless, liberality exercised in a way that does not bring you the reputation for it, injures you; for if one exercises it honestly and as it should be exercised, it may not become known, and you will not avoid the reproach of its opposite.” (Chapter XVI) Machiavelli is saying that it is a great thing for a  prince to be considered liberal, or generous, and that that is what the prince should aim for, but it is very easy to mess his up. In the text, Machiavelli says that the prince would need to make sure not to tax his people too much, but to tax just enough, for example. “Pope Julius the Second was assisted in reaching the papacy by a reputation for liberality, yet he did not strive afterwards to keep it up..” (Chapter XVI) Machiavelli explains that one can raise up into a high position by being liberal, but once one is in that position they should give it up. Machiavelli ends this with the thought that being mean is better by saying “Therefore it is wiser to have a reputation for meanness which brings reproach without hatred, than to be compelled through seeking a reputation for liberality to incur a name for rapacity which begets reproach with hatred.” (Chapter XVI)

4. 

The Beatitudes are the word of God, showing the moral way to live and what one must do to get to heaven? But Machiavelli sounds so knowledgeable and correct, so why do the Beatitudes contradict with what he says? Many lines of the beatitudes show a different opinion than that of Machiavelli. For example, “Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the Earth.” (Beatitudes) Machiavelli says “it is wiser to have a reputation for meanness.” (Chapter XVI) Throughout “The Prince” Machiavelli is saying that it is better to be mean and assertive, and that that is the only way to get anywhere. The beatitudes also state: “Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy.” (Beatitudes) The ideal prince that Machiavelli describes is not very merciful at all. Machiavelli expects the prince to do what it takes to have the principality to succeed. While Machiavelli does instruct the prince have some moral qualities, he mostly instructs the prince to fight his way to the top. Machiavelli wants the prince to be sly and sneaky, while the beatitudes instruct people to be pure of heart, “For they will see God.” (Beatitudes) Also, those who hunger and thirst for righteousness will be filled, according to the beatitudes, but this is not what Machiavelli wants. Machiavelli’s prince would be willing to kill anyone to get to the most prominent position. These methods are wrong; they are not God’s will. If one were to follow the rules of the beatitudes, there would be no need to be sly or sneaky, everything would be perfect. 

5. 

As stated above, though the Beatitudes do create a perfect world, this world is not very true to the way that society has worked at any point in history. The Beatitudes seem like more of a distant goal, not something that can be accomplished now. This is because people fight and cheat each other all the time because of their own selfish reasons, just like Machiavelli suggests in “The Prince.” He gives an example of someone who succeeds by being cruel: “Cesare Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding, his cruelty reconciled the Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty.” (Chapter XVII) The beatitudes say that “blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy. “(Beatitudes) This definitely does not hold true to Machiavelli’s qualifications of a good prince. Also, “Blessed are the poor in heart, for they will see God” (Beatitudes) is another item in the Beatitudes that would be hard for people to follow at any point in history. The Beatitudes argue that good actions lead to good effects, while on the other hand Machiavelli announces that bad and underhanded actions lead to the good success. Sometimes one has a hunger for power or a need to be the top, and this is just fine. A prince who follows the rules of Machiavelli will be able to safely lead his kingdom to victory, and while there are rules telling the prince to be mean, inside that prince really cares for his people and the future of his principality.

• "Medieval Sourcebook: Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince, 1513."FORDHAM.EDU. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2010. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/machiavelli-prince.html>.
  
  
  Matthew 5:3-12 New International Version

Important Links

• Florence
• Venice
• Milan

• England was ruled by Kings and Monarchs
• The Italian city states were ruled by wealthy merchant families. 

• Quattrocento- (15th century Italy)
• Medici Family came to power
• Giovanni
• Cosimo
• Lorenzo
• Artists: 
• Giotto 
• Donatello
• Brunelleschi- built dome, invented perspective
• Leonardo da Vinci 
• Boticelli
• Michaelangelo
• Raphael

• Oration on the dignity of man
• In the middle ages, people followed whatever the church said and their lives were almost entirely revolving around religion. 

• Baldassare Castiglione
• Charles VIII of France invades Italy with the hope of conquering Naples. 
• Ferdinand II of Aragon- Gave the money to columbus
• Habsburg-Valois Wars (The Italian wars)- 

• Machiavelli- People consider him to be the father of modern political science. Wrote the Prince
• He wanted to write a book that any Prince in any of the Principalities of Italy could use to make the Principality strong again after the Italian wars. He did this so that the Principalities could make their cities strong and so he wouldn't have to deal with any of that stuff. 
• The three most important things that princes needed to know according to Machiavelli:
• He thought that princes should approach their relations with people form a pessimistic view of society. The prince may be betrayed or something if he as too optimistic. Machiavelli thought it was better to look at the world pessimistically. 
• Because Human nature is selfish and greedy, a prince has to be sly and able to manipulate people, to see the ulterior motives in other people, and use situations to get his own ulterior motives through. 
• The prince must be ruthless and pragmatic. Deal with your enemies to be able to get what you want. 
• The Prince will most likely be on the AP exam!!!!!!!!! 

Notes 10/25- More Medici

• Lorenzo was swept up in the excitement of Florence and he began to lost his grip on the family business and important stuff. 
• Branches of the Medici bank were forced to close. 
• The family's network was falling apart. 
• In 1492, Lorenzo fell seriously ill. 
• Lorenzo knew he was dying. 
• Savonarola damned Lorenzo, and Lorenzo was worried that God disapproved of his life's work...
• Lorenzo died at 43, fearing hell. 
• Savonarola grabbed this chance. 
• Savonarola's commands were enforced by gangs of militant somethings. 
• He had a scary rule, and he was trying to create the kingdom of God on Earth. Doesn't sound like God to me. 
• Now even Botticelli joined the frenzy of destruction. 
• He threw his own paintings into the flames. 
• Florence was in search of salvation. 

• Reasons for the downfall of Florence that results in the Bonfire of the Vanities:
• Lorenzo did not pay enough attention to the business side of things and payed more attention to the art and stuff. 

• Frederick II and his son Maximilian declare war against Hungary. 

Notes 10/22- The Medici taking in Michaelangelo

• The city states in Italy had a lot of warring against each other. 
• Florence annexed Pisa in 1406
• There was almost constant battle going on throughout central italy.
• Mercenary warfare was the fad of the day. 
• Genoa beats Pisa, but then Genoa's influence decreases while Venice's influences.
• **Treaty of  Lodi- Last for 40 years or so, first time that there was peace in central and northern italy in a long time. 
• Another thing that happens in this period is exploration
• Columbus was Italian. 
• The European exploration of the renaissance is probably one of the least studied parts of the renaissance. 

• the Pazzi were a rival family in florence. Lorenzo, was not as good as Cosimo when it came to dealing with business stuff, especially being diplomatic. The vatican owed the medici bank a lot of money. So the Papacy made closer relations with the Pazzi family hoping that the Pazzi would take out the Medici and make their debts not exist anymore. 
• On easter day, they killed Giuliano De Medici, lorenzo's brother. 
• The people of Florence were concerned about Lorenzo's survival. 

• There was nothing like art galleries or any sort of an art world in the 15th century. 

• Savonarola- a dominican monk. Opposed to any kind of visual art if it was not religious. 
• He was sickened by Italy, and turned his hate to Lorenzo as the focus of all that was sinful.
• July 29, 1487- Lorenzo's wife died from tuberculosis at the age of 34
• Lorenzo found solace in art. 
• He established the first art school in history
• this is where he found Michaelangelo. 
• Lorenzo brought Michaelangelo into his family. He grew up alongside Lorenzo's seven children. 

• Michaeelangelo was born in 1475 and died in 1564. Michaelangelo came from sort of a merchant class family. he had fallen in love with stone carving and watched the men carving out the marble from the rocks in the quarries. 

Notes10/21- Notes on italy and the Medici

• When Michaelangelo was a boy he was put into a workshop where he learned art. 
• Michaelangelo painted the roof of the Sistine chapel. 
• Botticelli- another painter, whose paintings were celebrated in Florence

• Lorenzo's father's death put him into the spotlight(his father was Cosimo)

Revised: Was Henry VIII justified in divorcing Catherine of Aragon?

            The reign of King Henry VIII of England is a very disputable one. So many things he did were very controversial and this caused some people to love him, and others to think terribly of him. One of these things, for example, was his divorce of Catherine of Aragon. He went around the decision of the Church just so that he would be able to divorce her. Is this right? Was this an acceptable thing for him to do, as king of England? King Henry had no right to divorce Catherine of Aragon for his own selfish reasons, especially as the king of England. 

            Catherine of Aragon was a very loyal wife to Henry. When Henry was away at war or on other trips, she would, in a way, hold down the castle for him. She sent him letters with the news about what was going on. She would always sign these letters “Your humble wife and true servant, Katharine.” (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html). However, Catherine never did have a male son. That was all that the king wanted- a male heir to the throne. The king became more and more worried as Catherine got older and older and there was still no male heir. One day, when he meets another woman named Anne Boleyn, he decides to make her his wife, for she is young and has a chance of giving birth to a male heir. However, when he tries to divorce Catherine, things go awry.

            King Henry goes to the pope to get a legal divorce from Catherine, but the pope refuses. Henry is outraged, and, because of this, he splits England from the Church. Through the Act of Supremacy, he makes himself in charge of the whole church, even over the pope. “Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England.” (http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html). Pretending that he is nt just taking over the church to have the ability to divorce, he continues on to marry Anne, and they have a beautiful coronation for her, which is described by Thomas Cranmer: “where we received the Queen apparelled in a robe of purple velvet, and all the ladies and gentlewomen in robes and gowns of scarlet according to the manner used before time in such besynes; and so her Grace, sustained on each side with two bishops, the bishop of Lincoln and the bishop of Winchester, came forth in procession unto the Church of Westminster...” (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html). Cranmer was the one to place the crown onto her head. Now that he has a new queen, he once again has his hopes up, praying that Anne will bear him a son. By now, Catherine is out of his mind, as he has had her killed. 

            The King’s divorce and execution of Catherine seemed to be very brutal. All he wanted from her was a son, and when she did not give that to him, he got rid of her. Out of sight, out of mind. He does not worry about her or miss her at all. He seems to have a very hard personality, and does not care about many people. I believe that the king is entirely justified in wanting a male heir, but he should not have mistreated his wives in the way that he did. Later in life, Anne is not able to bear him a son either, so he has her imprisoned and she says: “Your grace's displeasure and my imprisonment are things so strange to me, that what to write, or what to excuse, I am altogether ignorant.” (http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html). Anne has no idea why Henry is unhappy with her! Then, yet again, soon after Anne's imprisonment he is remarried and Anne Boleyn is executed.  

            The King was in no way justified in divorcing Catherine of Aragon. Nor was he justified in making himself head of the church. If he had just had patience with his wife, and cared a little more, he could have been fine with their daughter ruling the kingdom. Also, he did not need to separate from the church just for his own personal desires. Overall, King Henry shows a bad example of being king- he uses his power too much for his own personal advantage, and did not care enough for the well-being of his people. 

Works cited:

Katherine of Aragon. Letter from Katharine of Aragon to her husband, King Henry VIII- 16 September 1513. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter2.html.

King Henry VII. The Act of Supremacy. 1534. http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/ActSupremacy.html

Cranmer, Thomas. Letter of Thomas Cranmer. 1533. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html

Boleyn, Anne. Letter to her husband, King Henry VII. 6 May, 1536. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letter10.html